Te 271 Analog Comm Lecture 2

TE 271: Analog Communication
Systems
Lecture 2
Examiner: M. S. Ellis, PhD

smellis.coe@knust.edu.gh
057 904 7591
September 11th , 2016
Reference material
A. Yadav, Analog Communication Systems,
University Science Press, New Delhi, 2008.
S. Sharma, Communication Engineering, First Ed.,

S.K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi, 2011.
T. G. Thomas, Analog Communication, McGraw hill,

New Delhi, 2007.
Intro to Basic Comm. Systems.Modulation
Systems are designed to allow many individual messages to be
transmitted over a single communication channel
A method by which this can be achieved is called Multiplexing
In multiplexing, baseband signals (voice, audio, video) of same

frequency are shifted on different frequency locations (frequency
translation) within the total bandwidth
By doing so, they can be easily transmitted without mixing
At the receiver side, they can be easily retrieved by simply using

filters with different cutoff frequencies
This method of multiplexing is called frequency multiplexing

A simple method of frequency translation is called

Modulation
A process in which a high frequency signal is modified

according to the properties of a low frequency
information signal
The powerful high frequency signal is called a carrier

signal
The weak low frequency (or baseband) signal is called a

modulating signal
A carrier signal is represented by Acos. By this formula.

Modification of this signal can be done in the following
ways:
Amplitude A, of the carrier can be modulated

according to the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal. This is known as Amplitude Modulation
Angle can be modulated according to the

instantaneous value of the modulating signal. This is
known as Angle Modulation
Angle is generally given by: = t +
The carrier wave becomes: A cos (t + )
Where A is amplitude, is angular frequency, and is the

phase
Therefore Angle Modulation can be divided into Frequency

Modulation and Phase modulation
After modulation happens, a modulated carrier wave is

rather transmitted instead of the weak message signal
Why perform (advantages of) modulation ?
1. Frequency Translation
In radio broadcasting, audio signals

can occupy the same band without
mixing due to modulation or
frequency conversion
Through this, the audio signal can

be listened to at different
frequencies
The translation is done simply by

multiplying the message signal m(t)
with the carrier signal to produce a
translated signal Frequency Translation
2. Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM)
Now that many audio signals
can be shifted at different
locations in the bandwidth
through translation
They can be easily sent on a

single channel without mixing
or overlapping with each
other
Multiplexing helps make good

use of the spectrum without
wastage
Radio stations 1, 2, 3, and 4

can transmit on carriers
Vcosc1t, Vcosc2t, Vcosc3t,
and Vcos c4t Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
3. Practicability of Antenna size
For proper transmission and

reception of signal, the antenna
size should be comparable to the
wavelength (frequency) of the
f 30Hz
signal
c 3 108
107 m
Baseband frequencies make f 30
realizing antennas very
impractical.
f 300MHz
For example, If we transmit a c 3 108

1m
baseband voice frequency of 30 f 3 108
Hz, the antenna size/aperture
required to transmit is
impractical, compared to when a
higher frequency is used
3. Noise reduction 4. Narrow Banding
Without modulation, With modulation, several audio signals

an audio signal, at different frequencies can be
transmitted to a transmitted with the same antenna.
receiver will
encounter a lot of Otherwise, each specific audio
other audio signals frequency will require a separate
(people, machines) in antenna
the transmission
medium.
f m1 20Hz, f c 200MHz
With modulation, c 3 108 3 108
6
15 10 m, 1.5m
the carrier signal of f 20 6
200 10 (20)
high power and high
frequency and will f m 2 20kHz, f c 200MHz
not be easily c 3 108 3 108
interfered with. It 3
15 10 m, 1.5m
3 6 3
f 20 10 200 10 (20 10 )
can also travel a long
distance

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TE 271: Analog Communication

Examiner: M. S. Ellis, PhD

S. Sharma, Communication Engineering, First Ed.,

T. G. Thomas, Analog Communication, McGraw hill,

A method by which this can be achieved is called Multiplexing

In multiplexing, baseband signals (voice, audio, video) of same

By doing so, they can be easily transmitted without mixing

At the receiver side, they can be easily retrieved by simply using

This method of multiplexing is called frequency multiplexing

A simple method of frequency translation is called

A process in which a high frequency signal is modified

The powerful high frequency signal is called a carrier

The weak low frequency (or baseband) signal is called a

A carrier signal is represented by Acos. By this formula.

Amplitude A, of the carrier can be modulated

Angle can be modulated according to the

Angle is generally given by: = t +

The carrier wave becomes: A cos (t + )

Where A is amplitude, is angular frequency, and is the

Therefore Angle Modulation can be divided into Frequency

After modulation happens, a modulated carrier wave is

In radio broadcasting, audio signals

Through this, the audio signal can

The translation is done simply by

They can be easily sent on a

Multiplexing helps make good

Radio stations 1, 2, 3, and 4

For proper transmission and

For example, If we transmit a c 3 108

Without modulation, With modulation, several audio signals

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