Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology

Subject Code : 150702

Name Of Subject : COMPUTER NETWORK
Name of Unit : INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS
Topic : OSI MODEL , TCP/IP MODEL AND COMPARISON
OF OSI & TCP/IP MODEL
Name of Student :Agrawal Swapnil J.
 CONTENTS
OSI MODEL

THE OSI MODEL

DIFFERENT LAYERS OF OSI REFERENCE MODEL
EXCHANGE OG INFORMATION IN OSI MODEL
OSI FEATURES

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 CONTENTS
TCP/IP MODEL
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
LAYERS IN TCP/IP
TCP/IP STACK
TCP/IP ENCAPSULATION
TCP/IP PROTOCOL

COMPARISON OF OSI & TCP/IP MODEL

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International
Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational
body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.

Almost three-fourths of countries in the world are

represented in the ISO. An ISO standard that covers
all aspects of network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON
 The OSI model

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 OSI Layers
OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
Network process to
7. Application
application
Data Data representation,
Host 6. Presentation
encryption and decryption
layers
5. Session Innermost communication
End-to-end connections and
Segments 4. Transport
reliability, Flow control
Path determination and
Packet 3. Network
logical addressing
Media
layers Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary
Bit 1. Physical
transmission

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 OSI Layers

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer1: Physical Layer

The Physical Layer defines the electrical and

physical specifications for devices. In particular,
it defines the relationship between a device
and a physical medium.

This includes the layout of pin, voltages, cable

specification, hubs, repeaters, network
adapters, host bus adapters, and more.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer provides the functional
and procedural means to transfer data
between network entities and to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the
Physical Layer.
Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-
point and point-to-multipoint media,
characteristic of wide area media in the
telephone system.
The data link layer is divided into two sub-
layers by IEEE.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer 3: Network Layer

The Network Layer performs

network routing functions,
perform fragmentation and reassembly,
report delivery errors.
Routers operate at this layersending data
throughout the extended network and making
the Internet possible.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer 3: Network Layer

The Network Layer provides the functional and

procedural means of transferring variable
length data sequences from a source to a
destination via one or more networks, while
maintaining the quality of service requested
by the Transport Layer.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer 4: Transport Layer

The Transport Layer provides transparent

transfer of data between end users, providing
reliable data transfer services to the upper
layers.
The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a
given link through flow control,
segmentation/documentation, and error
control.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer 5: Session Layer

The Session Layer controls the dialogues

(connections) between computers.
It establishes, manages and terminates the
connections between the local and remote
application.
It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex,
or simplex operation, and establishes check
pointing, adjournment, termination, and
restart procedures.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON
 Layer 6: Presentation Layer
This layer provides independence from
differences in data representation (e.g.,
encryption) by translating from application to
network format, and vice versa.

This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent

across a network, providing freedom from
compatibility problems.

It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Layer 7: Application Layer
The application layer is the OSI layer closest to
the end user, which means that both the OSI
application layer and the user interact directly
with the software application.
Application layer functions typically include:
identifying communication partners,
determining resource availability,
synchronizing communication.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 An exchange using the
OSI model

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Summary of OSI Layers

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 OSI Feature

Open system standards over the world

Rigorously defined structured, hierarchical

network model

Complete description of the function

Provide standard test procedures

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Introduction TCP/IP
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known
as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other
similar networks.
It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the
first two networking protocols defined in
this standard.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON
 Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Original Layers Layers According to Book

(Practically) (Theoretically)

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 The Upper Layers

OSI TCP / IP
Application (Layer7)

Presentation (Layer6) Application

Session (Layer 5)

Session

Presentation

Application
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON
 The Session Layer
The Session layer permits two parties to hold
ongoing communications called a session across a
network.
Not found in TCP/IP model
In TCP/IP , its characteristics are provided by the TCP
protocol.
(Transport Layer)

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 The Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer handles data format
information for networked communications. This is
done by converting data into a generic format that
could be understood by both sides.
Not found in TCP/IP model
In TCP/IP, this function is provided by the Application
Layer.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 The Application Layer
The Application Layer is the top layer of the reference
model. It provides a set of interfaces for applications
to obtain access to networked services as well as
access to the kinds of network services that support
applications directly.
OSI - FTAM,VT,MHS,DS,CMIP
TCP/IP - FTP,SMTP,TELNET,DNS,SNMP
Although the notion of an application process is
common to both, their approaches to constructing
application entities is different.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 TCP/IP Transport Layer
Defines two standard transport protocols: TCP and
UDP
TCP implements a reliable data-stream protocol
connection oriented
UDP implements an unreliable data-stream
connectionless
TCP provides reliable data transmission

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 TCP/IP Stack

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 TCP/IP Encapsulation

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 TCP/IP Some Protocol
Layer Protocol

DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP

, POP3, SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, Echo, RTP, P
NRP, rlogin, ENRP
Application
Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over
TCP/UDP, may also be considered part of the Internet
Layer.

Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP

IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6

Internet OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol

since it runs per IP-subnet, but has been placed on the
Link since RFC 2740.

Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Comparison of Both Layers
OSI TCP/IP

Application Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP,
NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...
Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

TCP , UDP , ...

Network Layer Internet Layer

IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Data Link Layer

Link Layer
FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
Physical Layer

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Comparison of TCP/IP
and OSI model

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Comparing Transport for both
Models
The features of UDP and TCP defined at TCP/IP
Transport Layer correspond to many of the
requirements of the OSI Transport Layer.

There is a bit of bleed over for requirements in the

session layer of OSI since sequence numbers, and
port values can help to allow the Operating System
to keep track of sessions, but most of the TCP and
UDP functions and specifications map to the OSI
Transport Layer.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

 Comparing Transport for both
Models
The TCP/IP and OSI architecture models both employ
all connection and connectionless models at
transport layer. However, the internet architecture
refers to the two models in TCP/IP as simply
connections and datagram's.

But the OSI reference model, with its penchant for

precise terminology, uses the terms connection-
mode and connection-oriented for the connection
model and the term connectionless-mode for the
connectionless model.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON
THANK YOU
 REFERENCES
Books:-
1.COMPUTER NETWORKS
Fourth Edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Web Resources:-
1.Google
2.Wikipedia
ANY QUERIES???