ORA000008 ATM

Principle (BSS)
3.0
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will
be familiar with:
ATM theory & concepts
ATM cell format
Protocol stack of ATM especially AAL2 and
AAL5 processing
Application of ATM in a CDMA2000 System
Course Outline
Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 Why do we need a new
technology?
To provide a high-speed, low delay
multiplexing and switching network to any type of
user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video
applications.
What is ATM?
ATM for Telecommunications is Asynchronous
Transfer Mode, (not Automatic Teller Machine!).
ATM is a technology that has transport,
switching, network management, and
customer services built into it right from the start.
In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in
small, fixed-length packets called cells.
A technology that integrates advantages of
circuit switch and packet switch.
ATM can support any type of user services,
such as voice, data, or video service.
ATM Overview
5-Bytes 48-Bytes 53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell
Header Payload
header+48Bytes payload.

ATM must set up virtual connection before

communication.

Contract ATM network will confer with terminal on

parameter of QoS before the connection is
set up.
ATM can provides both CBR and
VBR transport
 Connectionless & Connection-
oriented
Connection-oriented : All packets
are transferred from the same
route , so the receiving order of
packets depends on the sending
order. Time delay is fixed.

Connectionless: Every packet is

transferred from different routes, so
the receiving order of packets
doesnt possibly depend on the
sending order.
 Traditional Switch Models
Characteristic

Circuit Switching
Data is sent from the same route,
so time delay is fixed
High-speed switching

Fixed rate

Packet Switching
Support multi-rate switching
Take full advantage of
ATM Switch Models
Characteristic
Any users cell will not be send
periodically, and bandwidth will
be shared and statistically
multiplexed.
Many types of service can be
transferred in the same time and
Quality of Service is supported
in an ATM network.
ATMs Advantage
Integration of various services such as
voice, image, video, data and multimedia.
Standardization of network structures and
components. This results in cost savings
for network providers.
Transmission that is independent of the
medium used PDH, SDH, SONET and
other media can be used to transport ATM
cells.
ATM is scaleable, i.e. the bandwidth can
be adapted extremely flexibly to meet user
ATMs Application
In Switching:
Traditional Exchange is evolving
into Broadband Exchange by
ATMs application

In Transmission:
ATM virtual path exchange node
and ATM Add/Drop Multiplexer
Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 ATM Network Model
UNI NNI NNI
NNI

UNI
NNI
PNNI

PNNI
ICI Other
NNI Network
UNI

NNI
NNINetwork Node Interface
UNIUser Node Interface
ICIInter-carrier Interface NNI
PNNIPrivate Network Node Interface
ATM Cell

ATM Cell
GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control
of a possible bus system at the user interface and is not
used at the moment.
VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the
second part of the addressing instructions and is of
higher priority than the VCI.
VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case
indicates a path section between switching centers or
between the switching center and the subscriber.
PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of
data in the information field.
CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell
can be preferentially deleted or not in the case of a
 VP and VC
Why two fields?
think VPI as a bundle of
virtual channels. (256 VPI
on one link)
the individual virtual
channels have unique
VCIs. The VCI values
may be reused in each
virtual path.
 ATM Cell Switching

ATM Network Node

User B ATM Terminal
Cell and users
VPI=2 VCI=37 ATM Switch
data change Port 1
each other UNI
Port VPI VCI
VPI=1 VCI=51
Port 2 1 2 37
2 1 51

NNI
ATM Network Node

Port 1 ATM Switch

User A ATM Terminal
Port VPI VCI
Cell and users UNI
data change Port 2 1 1 51
each other VPI=3 VCI=39 2 3 39
ATM Connections
ATM VirtualPort
Connection
VPI VCI
1 1 1
UNI cell UNI cell
2 26 44
A VPI =1 VPI =20 B
VCI =1 1 3 1 3
VCI =30
NNI cell NNI cell
2 2
VPI =26 VPI =6
VCI =44 VCI =44 Port VPI VCI
NNI cell
2 6 44
3 VPI =2 3 2
1 VCI =44 3 20 30
2 1
Port VPI VCI
ATM Virtual Connection Port VPI VCI
1 26 44
2 2 44 1 2 44
2 6 44

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up

in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set
up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called
Virtual Connection.
 Signaling In ATM

Permanent Virtual Channel (PVC):

The connections are analogous to leased lines that are switched between
certain users. A change can only be made by the network provider. This
type of ATM network often forms the initial stage in the introduction of this
technology.

Switch Virtual Channel (SVC):

Users connected to this type of network can set up a connection to the
user of their own choice by means of signaling procedures. This can be
compared with the process of dialing a telephone number.
Types of ATM Virtual
Connection
According to the switching
mode, ATM Virtual Connection
can be classified :
VPC (Virtual Path Connection)

VCC (Virtual Channel Connection)

According to connection
 VPC and VCC
ATM terminal A VCC C

VPC
UNI cell ATM network node G UNI cell

E F
UNI cell NNI cell NNI cell UNI cell
VC VP VC
switching switching switching
VCC D
B

For example: When E receives cells from A or B, which would be

transferred to C or D, the VPI of these cells would be set to
uniform value in E. These cells would be received by G and
switched to F by VP switching. Then the cells will be delivered to
C or D at F. It means that VPC has been set up between E and F,
while VCC has been set up among A, B, C and D.
Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

Features of ATM

Voice

Data

Video Cells

Connection oriented
Fast packet switching
Statistical multiplexer
Supports voice, data and video service
Provides QoS
 ATM Protocol Structure Model

Call connection User informationFlow

and Control Control and Error Recovery

Interface Management
Layer Management
Control interface User interface
Independent
Service and signaling
of user USER USER management
of every layer
Information of user
and cell conversion SAAL AAL

Cell exchange and Impartible

multiplexing or ATM Layer
demultiplexing management
of all layer
Frame structure
physical medium Physical Layer
Three Communications Planes
The user plane transports the user data
for an application. It uses the physical,
ATM and ATM adaptation layers to do this.
The control plane takes care of
establishing, maintaining and clearing
down user connections in the user plane.
The key word here is signaling.
The management plane includes layer
management and plane management.
Layer management monitors and
coordinates the individual layer tasks.
Plane management handles monitoring
 ATM Sublayer Model
ATM Protocol Stack Model OSI Reference Model
User 7 Application
CS
AAL 6 Presentation
SAR
Interface
manage 5 Session
ment ATM
4 Transport

3 Network
TC
PHY 2 Data link

PMD 1 Physical
 Function of ATM Physical Layer

Two sublayers:
AAL Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC)
transmission frame generation/recovery
Processing HEC
ATM cell delimiting
transmission frame adaptation

Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer

PHY
(PMD)
Link coding
Network physical medium
 Function of ATM Layer

Cell switch
AAL
Quality of Service

Processing the cell header

ATM
Types of payload

Multiplexing /Demultiplexing of
PHY different connection cell
 Function of AAL layer

AAL Support services for user

Segment and reassemble

ATM Complete the change between
User-PDU and ATM payload

PHY
 Function of ATM AAL
Overview
Function of ATM AAL:
Constant Data Variable
Bit Rate Bursts Bit Rate

Provide a high-speed,
low delay multiplexing
AAL SDU
and switching network
ATM Payload to support any type of
ATM Cell
user service, such as
Multiplexing voice, data,or video
applications.
 Types of AAL

Service type A B C D
Bit rate constant variable variable variable
Real time YES YES NO NO
Connection mode Connection oriented connectionless

AAL AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5

In order to support different types of user services, there are

five types of AAL.

In Huaweis BSS, voice is transferred over AAL2 and rest

signals are transferred over AAL5.
 Logic Structure of AAL Layer
AAL-SAP

AAL-PDU
CS sublayer
Provide service to upper layer
at AAL-SAP.
SSCS SSCS-PDU

The concrete function is

AAL layer
CPCS-SDU depending on the service type.
CPCS
CPCS-PDU
CS can be further divided into
SSCS and CPCS.
SAR-SDU
SAR
SAR sublayer:
SAR-PDU
Chop CCS-PDU into ATM
payload with size of 48 bytes or
ATM-SAP
assemble ATM payload into
ATM-SDU ATM layer CPCS-PDU.
AAL2 Structure
AAL-SAP

AAL-PDU
AAL2 contains two sub-layer, CPS
SSCS-PDU
and SSCS.
SSCS

AAL layer
The function of SAR is performed
CPS-SDU by CPS, SAR sub-layer is null
CPCS
CPS-PDU
For AAL2CPS is changeless no
matter which type of service is. But
it is different for SSCS. Sometimes
ATM-SAP
SSCS maybe null.

ATM-SDU ATM layer

AAL2 Process
AAL-SAP
SSCS AAL-SDU

SSCS-PDU Header SSCS-PDU SSCS-PDU Tail

Payload
SSCS-PDU 45Bit Max
876543218765432187654321
CPS CPS-SDU
CID LI UUI HEC
CPS-PH CPS-PP CPS-PH AAL
87654321
1# 2# 3#
Layer
CPS-Packet CPS-Packet CPS-Packet OSF P
1# 2# 3# STF SN
STF CPS-Packet
CPS-Packet STF CPS-Packet C STF PS-Packet PAD
CPS-PDU CPS-PDU
Payload 47 Bit
ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU ATM
ATM-Header
Layer
ATM Payload
 AAL5 Structure
AAL-SAP

AAL-PDU

AAL5 contains two sub-layers,

SSCS SSCS-PDU
CS and SAR sublayer.
CS sublayer is further divided

AAL layer
CPCS-SDU
CPCS into SSCS and CPCS.
CPCS-PDU
In order to enhance the effect
of AAL3/4, CPCS and SAR are
SAR-SDU appropriately simplified. AAL5
SAR
doesnt support multi-user
SAR-PDU
multiplexing mode.
ATM-SAP

ATM-SDU ATM layer

AAL5
CPCS
ProcessAAL-SAP
8 1 8 116 132 1
AAL-SDU UU CPI Length CRC

CPS-PDU Payload PAD CPS-PDU Tail PAD

CPS-PDU N48 047Bit AAL
Bytes s Layer
SAR SAR-SDU

SAR-PDU #1 SAR-PDU #2 SAR-PDU #3 SAR-PDU #4

ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU #1 Cell #1 3 2 1
AUU
ATM-SDU #2 Cell #2
PTI ATM
:ATM Header (AUU=0) ATM-SDU #3 Cell #3
Layer
:ATM Header (AUU=1) ATM-SDU #4 Cell #4
ATM Payload
Service Types of ATM layer
CBR (Constant bit rate)
VBR-RT (Variable bit
rate-real time)
VBR-NRT (VBR-non real
time)
UBR (Unspecified bit
rate)
ABR (Available bit rate)
ATM Service Categories
 CBR Service
Traffic parameter QoS
Tolerance

low high
PCR
Cell loss
Cell delay and cell delay variation

Voice and video

 VBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance
PCR
LOW HIGH
SCR

MBS
Cell lose
Cell lose (RT) (NRT)

Voice and video

 UBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance

low high
No QoS

Cell relay variation

Cell lose

WAN
 ABR Service
Traffic parameter QoS
Tolerance

PCR
low high

MCR

Cell loss
Cell delay variation

Overhead

5 Byte LAN
No cell
Header overhead
Uses
48 Byte congestion
Payload feedback
instead
ATM Service Categories and
their Parameters
ATM Service Categories and
Applications
Communication Contract
Contract

Contract

ATM network

Communication Contract
ServiceTypes
Parameter of Flow
Parameter of QoS
Service type in CDMA2000
BSS System

Variable bit rate real time( VBR-RT),

such as voice service in CDMA2000
BSS System. It is realized by AAL2.

Variable bit rate non real time (VBR-

NRT), such as signaling and other
service in CDMA2000 BSS System.
It is realized by AAL5.
Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

IPOA Protocal Stack
User application User application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

IP IP
IP packet is transferred to
AAL ATM Payload AAL
IP address is mapped to PVC
ATM or SVC ATM

ATM network Physical layer

TCP/IP Process
TCP TCP Header App Data

IP IP Header TCP header App Data

SNAP/LLC LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data

CS LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data PAD CPCS-PDU Tail

AAL5
SAR SAR-SDU#1 SAR-SDU#2 SAR-SDU#3 SAR-PDU#4 SAR-PDU#5

Cell header will be added to SAR-PDU, whose VPI and VCI depends on
ATM the map table of IP address to PVC/SVC. Then ,the cells will be sent to
Physical Layer.

PHY Perform the transmission of ATM cells via physical media.

 INARP in IPOANetwork
ModelSVC mode

ATM Network
ARP Server

Router Ethernet

WAN
 INARP in IPOANetwork
Model PVC mode

ATM Network

Router Ethernet

WAN
 INARP in IPOAPVC Mode
Any IPOA terminal that wants to communicate with other terminal
must know the destination IP address. But how to know the IP address?
PVC connecting the source and destination terminals should be set up
first. For example: Terminal A must set up a PVC to B in order to know
the IP address of B.
ATM Network

PVC

Terminal A IP:192 .168 .1 .1 Terminal B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

 ARP in IPOAPVC Mode
Terminal A will send InvATMARP information to request remote IPOA
client s (such as computer B) IP address. So does computer B.

ATM Network

InvATMARP PVC
InvATMARP

Computer A IP:192 .168 .1 .1 Computer B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

VPI VCI IP Address VPI VCI IP Address

1 33 ... 2 33 ...

XX YY ... ZZ YY ...
 ARP in IPOAPVC Mode
Thereby, A and B establish the map table of IP address to PVC. Similarly, all
the IPs of the computers that answered the InvATMARP will be set to the
map table.

ATM Network

ACK PVC
ACK

Computer A IP:192 .168 .1 .1 Computer B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

VPI VCI IP Address VPI VCI IP Address

1 33 192 .168 .1.2 1 33 192 .168 .1.1

XX YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx ZZ YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

 ARP in IPOAPVC Mode
For example: A will transfer a IP packet to B, and the IP packet
will be changed to AAL-PDUs first. When ATM layer receives AAL-
PDU,it can find the PVC by map table and set VPI/VCI of ATM cell.
Thereby, cells could be transferred to B by ATM network.
ATM Network

ATM cell stream ATM cell stream

PVC

Computer A IP:192.168.1.1 Computer B IP:192.168.1.2

VPI VCI IP Address VPI VCI IP Address
1 33 192 .168 .1.2 1 33 192 .168 .1.1

XX YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx ZZ YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 systemLarge Capacity
Configuration
BTS baseband frame
service/ signal-in-band AAL2
maintenance / signal-out-band
AAL5
Abis interface:
signal-in-band/serviceAAL2
signal-out-band /maintenanceAAL5 IPOA
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables,
IMA mode will be adopted to transfer ATM cells.

Integrated Connected to

BTS Processing
Subrack (CIPS)
MSC

Optical fiber or
several E1 Optic
cables fiber

Resource
Management & Optic Switch GPS/Glonass
Packet Processing fiber receiver
Subrack
Subrack (CRPS)
BSC inside
VoiceAAL2 Ethernet Optic
signal/data service:AAL5 cable fiber
maintenanceAAL5 IPOA Integrated
Management
Data Service cBSC Connected to
Processing
Subrack (BAM) Subrack (CPMS) PDSN
 SystemSmall Capacity
Configuration
Abis interface:
BTS baseband frame signal-in-band/serviceAAL2
service/ signal-in-band AAL2 signal-out-band /maintenanceAAL5 IPOA
maintenance / signal-out-band If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables,
AAL5 IMA mode will be adopted to transfer ATM cells.

Integrated
cBSC Connected
BTS Processing
Subrack to MSC

several E1
cables
several E1
cables or
Ethernet Optic fiber GPS/Glonass
cable Receiver

BSC inside
VoiceAAL2 Integrated Resource &
signal/data service:AAL5 Management Packet Connected to
maintenanceAAL5 IPOA Subrack Subrack PDSN
(BAM)

LAN
 IMA Mode
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables, IMA mode
will be adopted to transfer ATM cells. In this way, cells of high speed
ATM link could be transferred on several low speed physical links.

IMA Group IMA Group

PHY PHY
Physical Link #0

PHY PHY
ATM Layer Physical Link #1 ATM Layer

PHY PHY
Physical Link #2

Virtual ATM Link

Summary
ATM Basics
ATM switching is cell
switching,it has advantage of
circuit switch and packet switch,
connection oriented .
ATM cell:53byte fixed length
cell= 5Bytes cell
header+48Bytes payload
ATM switching
Questions

State ATM application in

CDMA2000 BSS system?
What is the difference
between SVC and PVC?
What is the difference
between VP switch and VC
switch?