STORAGES

Delan Zoe Hilado-Arenga, ECE

Storage
• Storage - the area where data can
be left on a permanent basis while it
is not needed for processing

• Examples of Storage devices

– ROM chips (Read-Only Memory)
– magnetic disks
– CD-ROM (Compact Disk
Read-Only Memory)
– magnetic tapes
Choosing a Storage Technology

• Versatility: the ability of a storage device to

access data from more than one type of
storage media
• Durability: The ability of a storage medium
to withstand damage or mishandling.
– Optical storage is more durable than magnetic
storage
• Capacity: The amount of data a storage
medium can store.
Choosing a Storage Technology
• Speed
Access time: The average time it takes a
computer to locate data on the storage
medium. (measured in milliseconds)
Random access (direct access): The ability of a
storage device to jump directly to the
requested data.
Sequential access devices must read from the
beginning to end in order (tape drive).
Data transfer rate: The amount of data that a
storage device can move from the storage
medium to the computer per second.
Magnetic and Optical Technologies
• Magnetic storage uses hard disk, floppy
disk, and tape storage media and stores
data by magnetized microscopic particles
on the disk or tape surface.
• A read-write head mechanism in the disk
drive reads and writes the magnetized
particles that represent data.
• Optical storage uses CD and DVD storage
media and stores data as microscopic light
and dark spots on the disk surface.
• The dark spots are called pits and the light
spots are called lands.
Hard Disk Technology
• A hard disk platter is a flat,
rigid disk made of aluminum or
glass and coated with a magnetic
oxide.
• A hard disk consists of multiple
hard disk platters. Disk drives are
classified according to
• A hard drive mechanism includes the type of controller:
a circuit board called a Ultra ATA (fastest),
controller that positions the disk EIDE, SCSI
and read-write heads to locate
data.
Hard Disk Technology (cont.)
• Direct memory access (DMA) allows a
computer to transfer data directly from a drive
into RAM without using the processor.
– Ultra DMA (UDMA) is a faster version of DMA
technology.

• A head crash occurs when a read-write head

physically touches a disk platter.
• RAID (redundant array of independent disks)
contains many disk platters, provides redundancy,
achieves faster data access than standard hard
disks.
Hard Disks Interface standards
• SCSI Small Computer Systems
Interface.
• IDE Integrated/Intelligent Drive/Device
Electronics.

• SATA Serial ATA or Serial Advanced

Technology Attachment.
SATA interface
• much smaller cable
• can be up to 1 meter in length
• point-to-point solution
• ability to hot-plug
• up to 150 MBps from parallel ATA's
maximum theoretical speed of 133
MBps
SATA
How Data Files are Stored
TASK
• 3 Brands/Models Specifications

• IDE HDD
• SATA HDD
– Desktop
– Laptop
– Netbook
Tape Storage Technology
• A tape backup is a copy of the data
on the hard disk that is stored on
magnetic tape and used to restore
lost data.
• Data on a tape drive is arranged as
essentially a long sequence of bits.
• Tape is not practical as a computer’s
main storage device. However, for
backing up data, it takes about 15-
20 minutes to back up 1 GB of data.
Other Examples….
• OPEN REEL TAPES – large reels with 16
mm film and access time in seconds ,
seen in old movies
• TAPE CARTRIDGES – half-inch
removable magnetic tape similar to
cassette tapes
TAPE Recorder
• IBM 3607 2 U Rackmount LTO
Tape Autoloader
• 80 MB/s
• 16-cartridge tape
• 3.2 TB³ of data storage in compressed
mode
Tape Backup
• One of the simplest and most versatile
tape backup software in the world.
• Compatible with any tape format (DAT,
DDS, DLT, SDLT, AIT, VXA, LTO, etc...)
• any tape drive interface (SCSI, IDE,
USB, SAS, etc...).
Floppy Disk Technology
• A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible mylar
plastic covered with a thin layer of magnetic
oxide and sealed inside a protective casing.
– A floppy disk can hold 1.44MB of data.

• A ZIP disk or a Superdisk can hold 100 to 750

MB of data (various sizes). 20 times more faster

• Disk density refers to the closeness and size of the

magnetic particles on the disk surface. The higher the
disk density, the smaller the magnetic particles.

• A floppy disk features a write-protect window which

allows you to protect the data on the disk form erasing
existing data or adding new data.
Floppy Disks Capacities
Floppy Disk Construction
TRACKS & SECTORS
& CLUSTERS
• To speed up the process of reading and
writing of data, a disk drive handles a
groups of sectors called “clusters”

• Depends on the capacity and the disk

technical specifications.
CD Technology
• CD-ROM (compact disc read only
memory) contains data that has been
stamped on the disk surface when it
was manufactured.
• Read only means that the computer
can retrieve data from a CD-ROM but
cannot save any new data on it or
delete data from it.
• A CD-ROM can store up to 680MB of
data.
CD-R & CD-RW Technologies
• CD-RW (compact
• CD-R (compact disc- disc-rewritable)
recordable) . technology allows
– The data on a CD-R you to write data on
disk cannot be a CD, then change
erased or modified that data.
once you have
recorded it, but more
data can be added
until it is full.
DVD, DVD+RW Technologies
• DVD (digital video
/versatile disc) is a
variation of CD
• DVD+RW uses
technology that is phase change
designed to provide technology very
enough storage capacity similar to CD-RWs.
for a full-length movie.
(4.7 GB or more) • There are already
• A DVD-ROM disk is computers with one
stamped with data and device that can read
cannot be changed. CD-ROMs, DVD-
ROMS, and write
DVDs.
Adding Storage Devices
• The system unit case for a
desktop computer contains
several storage device
“parking spaces” called drive
bays.
• If you have an empty bay of
the right type and size, you
can add a storage device.
• Bays come in two widths:
– 5 ¼” and 3 ½”
Optical Storage
•Pits – non-reflective
dark spots

Land – lighter and

non-pitted reflective
surface areas of the
disk
How…?
 Diameter Capacity
Layers
Designation Sides
(total) (cm) (GB)
CD–ROM 74 min SS SL 1 1 12 0.682
CD–ROM 80 min SS SL 1 1 12 0.737
CD–ROM SS SL 1 1 8 0.194
DDCD–ROM SS SL 1 1 12 1.364
DDCD–ROM SS SL 1 1 8 0.387
DVD–1 SS SL 1 1 8 1.46
DVD–2 SS DL 1 2 8 2.66
DVD–3 DS SL 2 2 8 2.92
DVD–4 DS DL 2 4 8 5.32
DVD–5 SS SL 1 1 12 4.70
DVD–9 SS DL 1 2 12 8.54
Assignment
• Compare DAO,TAO,SAO & Packet
Writing modes
TASK
(1/4 Illustration Board)
Label the Internal Parts of a flash disk
and their usage
FILE ALLOCATION TABLES ( FAT)

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