FIRST AID

FIRST AID
The initial process of assessing and
addressing the needs of someone who is
experiencing medical emergencies.

Allows a non-medical expert to quickly

determine a persons physical condition
and the course of treatment.

Can make a difference to a persons

recovery and could save their life.
 Purpose of First Aid
To Sustain the life

To Prevent suffering

To Prevent secondary complications

To Promote speedy recovery

 DO AND DONTs
DO DONTs

Before handling the First Aider can

casualty use: never

Mask Prescribe Medicine

Gloves Declare DEATH
Head Cover
Apron
 PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID (4 Cs)

Call for Help

Calmly Take Charge

Check the scene & the casualty

Carefully apply FIRST AID

 ACTION PLAN
Assess the Situation

Safety of yourself and the casualty

Assess the casualty

Treat the casualty

Arrange the removal of the casualty to hospital or safe area

Write a report / Communicate the status

Assessing the Skills of a First Aider
Observer
Listen
Feel
Talk
Touch
Provide
Build Trust
 Responsibility of a First Aider
To assess the situation quickly and safely and call for
appropriate help.

To identify the level of injury or the nature of illness affecting

the casualty / victim.

To give early and appropriate treatment in a sensible order of

priority.

To make and pass on a report, give a further help if its

required.
 DRABC
Danger

Response

Airway

Breathing

Circulation
D - DANGER
To yourself

To others

To casualty
 R - RESPONSE
Gently Shake and Shout at the casualty
Is the casualty is conscious?
Is the casualty drowsy or confused?
Is the casualty unconscious, but reacting?
Is the casualty unconscious with no reaction?
If unconscious, place the casualty in the stable side
position.
 A - AIRWAY
Is the airway is open and clear?

Is there noisy in breathing?

Are there Potential obstruction such as blood etc?

If so, open and clear the airway!

 HOW TO OPEN AN AIRWAY
Tilt Head and Back and Lift Chin up with fingers under the
jaw to establish Airway (Move head as little as possible if
there may be a neck injury.)
 B - BREATHING

Look for chest movements

Listen for sounds for breathing

Feel for breathes on your cheek

If not breathing give 2 rescue breathes

 C - CIRCULATION
Is there a carotid pulse?

Is it strong?

Is it regular

Is there a major blood loss?

IF NO PULSE PRESENT THEN START CPR

( CIRCULATION PULSE RESPIRATION)
NOSE BLEED
 The Do and Donts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
Nosebleed Do not lean back.
Leaning back can be harmful
as the blood could block the
windpipe, blocking the airway.
Sit in a comfortable upright
position and lean forward
slightly.
Then pinch your nose just
below the bony nose bridge
and above the fleshy lobes of
the nostrils until the bleeding
is stemmed.
Aftercare: Once the bleeding
is controlled, do not blow your
nose as this might dislodge
the clot and make you bleed
again.
HEART ATTACK
One of the
leading cause
of death in
many parts of
the world.
 The Do and Donts for First Aid Treatment

DIAGNOSIS

Heart Attack Even if you are not sure about If the person is conscious, give
the symptoms, if you suspect a them a 300mg tablet of aspirin
heart attack at all, do not wait. to chew.

Alert! The main risk is that the

heart will stop beating. Be
prepared to resuscitate if
necessary.

Early warning signs: Pressure

in center of chest.
Pain in shoulders, neck or
arms.
Chest discomfort with fainting,
sweating or nausea.
Call ambulance immediately.
BURNS
BURNS
 The Do and Donts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
BURNS Never put ice on the burn,
as it delay healing or cause
extra damage (think
frostbite). Also leave the
butter in the kitchen, unless
you want to make it worse.
Do not break blisters and
attempt to remove the skin,
as it can cause infection.
1st Degree burn
Put the burn part in cold water.
2nd Degree burn
Put cold, wet dressing on burn.
Cover the burned part with a
loose bandage (or clean washed
cotton sheet for a larger area)
and go to the doctor.
3rd Degree burn
Leave burned clothes on the skin.
If the face is burned, keep victim
sitting up. Keep airway open, tilt
head back. Evaluate burned
arms, legs, hands. Keep burn
higher than heart. Call
ambulance.
 The Do and Donts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS

BURNS Immediately help Chemical Burn

victim who suffered Remove chemical causing burn by washing
from electrical burn the skin under cool running water for at
without looking out least 20 minutes. Remove all clothing or
if the victim be in jewelry that may be contaminated by the
contact with it. chemical. After washing, apply cool, wet
cloth on the burn to relieve the pain.

Electrical Burn
Call the ambulance immediately.
Look out if there is any contact with the
electric source.
Turn off the electrical source or try move it
by non conducting object.
Prevent shock by lying the child down and
raising the legs with an object. e.g. Pillow
CHOKING
 The Do and Donts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS

CHOKING Slap the victim Remain calm and encourage the victim to
backs hard. keep coughing to try and clear the
blockage.
Using your fingers
to force out the Stand slightly behind the person to one
item out of the side.
victims mouth. Support their chest with one hand. Lean the
person forward so that the object blocking
the airway will come out of their mouth,
rather than going further down.
Give at least 5 sharp blows between the
ASK! Are you persons shoulder blades with the heel on
choking? your hand.
If the victim able to Stop after each blows to check if the blockage
talk, groan, wheeze or has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal
cough, he is partially thrusts.
choked.
CHOKING
 The Do and Donts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS

CHOKING Using your fingers Steps in Abdominal thrusts

to force out the 1. Stand behind the person who is choking.
item out of the 2. Place your arms around the waist and
victims mouth. bend them well forward.
3. Clench your fist and place it right and place
it right above the persons navel (belly
button)
4. Place your other hand on top, thrust both
hands backwards into their stomach with a
hard, upward movement.
Complete blockage
Do it five times (1 cycle), stop each cycle to
If the victim unable to check if the blockage has been cleared.
make any sound at
all. Alert!
Do not thrusts on pregnant and on a very
large sized adult.
Bites and Stings
Insect stings and bites
What to Look For:
Check the sting site to see if a stinger and
venom sac are embedded in the skin.
Bees are the only stinging insects that leave
their stingers and venom sacs behind.
Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with
a hard object such as a long fingernail, credit
card, scissor edge, or knife blade.
Reactions generally localized pain, itching, and
swelling.
Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be a
life threatening.
Bites and Stings
What to Do:
Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
Because bee venom is acidic, a paste
made of baking soda and water can
help.
Seek medical attention if necessary.
 Bites and Stings
Tick bites
Tick can remain embedded for days without the
victims realizing it.
Most tick bites are harmless, although ticks can
carry serious diseases.
Symptoms usually begin 3 to 12 days after a tick
bites.
Bites and Stings
What to Do:
The best way to remove a tick is with fine-pointed
tweezers. Grab as closely to the skin as possible
and pull straight back, using steady but gentle
force.
Wash the bite site with soap and water.
Apply rubbing alcohol to further disinfect the
area.
Apply an ice pack to reduce pain.
Calamine lotion may provide relief from itching.
Keep the area clean.
Continue to watch the bite site for about
one month for a rash.
If rash appears, see a physician.
Also watch for other signs such as fever,
muscle aches, sensitivity to bright light, and
paralysis that begins with leg weakness.
 Wounds
Open Wounds
A break in the skins surface that results in external
bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body that
can cause infection
Abrasion
The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss
Scrape
Laceration
A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges
and caused by a forceful tearing away
of skin tissue
Incisions
Smooth edges and resemble
a surgical or paper cut
 Wounds
Punctures
Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
Avulsion
Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
Amputation
Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg
 Wounds
What to Do:
Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
Control bleeding
Clean wounds
To prevent infection
Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
Severe wound?
Clean only after bleeding has stopped
 Wounds
Wounds Care
Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the body)
Keep dressings dry and clean
Change the dressing daily, or more often if it gets wet
or dirty.
 Wounds
Signs of Wound Infection:
Swelling, and redness around the wound
A sensation of warmth
Throbbing pain
Fever / chills
Swollen lymph nodes
Red streaks
Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in
first 72 hours.
 Dressings and Bandages
The purpose of a dressing is to:
Control bleeding
Prevent infection and contamination
Absorb blood and fluid drainage
Protect the wound from further injury
What to Do:
Always wear gloves (if possible)
Use a dressing large enough to extend beyond the
wounds edges.
Cover the dressing with bandages.
 Dressings and Bandages
Bandage can be used to:
Hold a dressing in place over an open wound
Apply direct pressure over a dressing to control
bleeding
Prevent or reduce swelling
Provide support and stability for an extremity or joint
Bandage should be clean but need not be sterile.
 Amputation
What to Do:
Control the bleeding
Treat the victim for shock
Recover the amputated part and whenever possible take
it with the victim
To care for the amputated body part:
The amputated part does not need to be cleaned
Wrap the amputated part with a dry sterile gauze or
other clean cloth
Put the wrapped amputated part in a plastic bag or other
waterproof container
Keep the amputated part cool, but do not freeze
Place the bag or container with the wrapped part on a bed of ice
Seek medical attention immediately
 FIRST AID KIT
Bandages
Adhesive Bandages
Gauze Pads
Surgical Tape
Small Mirror
Over the counter drugs
Alcohol
Alcohol wipes
Hand sanitizer
Thermometer
 FIRST AID KIT
Scissors
Tweezers
Nail Scissors
Antibiotic Cream
Matches
Ziploc Bags
First Aid Manual
 Thank you
for listening