QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Nur Izzaidah Mat Darom

Rairol Azmi Seruji
Indah Hariyanti Othman
Nor Faizal Abd Mutalib

Dr. Noor Hanim Rahmat

EDU575 - ACTION RESEARCH IN EDUCATION
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research
 Research paradigms – Interpretivisim
 understanding - how people think and
experience their lives
 why? how? in what way?
 Flexible, open-ended questions, less-formal
Types of Qualitative Research
Phenomenology
o the study of phenomena.
Case Study
o studying in-depth a single case example of the
phenomena
Grounded Theory
o development of new theory through the
collection and analysis of data about a
phenomenon
Types of Qualitative Research (Cont..)
Ethnography
o “portrait of a people” - a methodology for
descriptive studies of cultures and peoples

Historiography
o research about events that occurred in the past
Sampling
Purposive Sampling
o Groups participants – relevant to particular
research questions
o Sample Size - which may or may not be fixed
depend on
 Resources
 Time
 Study’s objectives
o Example - HIV-positive women in Capital City
Sampling (cont..)
Quota Sampling
o Groups participants – decided while designing the
study how many people with which characteristics
o Sample Size - more specific with subgroups
chosen to reflect proportions in the population
o Example - how people experience HIV infection,
a quota sample = equal balance of HIV-positive
men and HIV-positive women assuming a 1:1
gender ratio in the population
Sampling (cont..)
Snowball Sampling
o Groups participants – participants already
involve, use their social network to find other
participants that potentially can contribute to
the study
Data Collection
Interactive interviewing
o People asked to verbally described their
experiences of phenomenon
Observation
o Descriptive observations of verbal and non-
verbal behavior
Focus Groups
o combine elements of both interviewing and
participant observation
Data Analysis
Model of Process (Seidel, 1998) :
o Noticing
o Collecting
o Thinking
Characteristic :
o Iterative and Progressive
o Recursive
o Holographic
Methods of Data Analysis in Qualitative
Research
Typology
Taxonomy
Constant Comparison/Grounded Theory
Analytic Induction
Logical Analysis/Matrix Analysis
Quasi-statistics
Event Analysis/Microanalysis
Metaphorical Analysis
Domain Analysis
Hermeneutical Analysis
Discourse analysis
Semiotics