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Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral
Cortex
Cortex
Brodmans Map of Motor and Sensory Areas
Functional Localization of Cerebral Cortex
Sensory area
primary sensory area
secondary sensory area
Motor area
primary motor area
secondary motor area
supplementary motor area
Association area
parietal, occipital and temporal cortex
- conceptual elaboration of sensory data
prefrontal (frontal) cortex
- judgement, foresight
Disorders of Association Cortex
Agnosia
Tactile agnosia
Visual agnosia
Alexia
Auditory agnosia
Apraxia
Aphasia
Wernickes (receptive) aphasia
Brocas (Motor) aphasia
conduction aphasia
global aphasia
Apraxia
Dominant Hemisphere
Language
speech, writing
Calculation
Non-dominant Hemisphere
Spatial Perception (3D subject)
Singing
Playing musical instrument
Language
3D perception
Speech
Singing
Writing
Playing Musical
Calculation
instrument
Split Brain
Commissuratomy
(split corpus callosum)
Roger Sperry
(1913-1994)
1981 Nobel
Laureate
Language Areas
Dorsal surface
Diencephalon
Ventral surface
Diencephalon
Medial Surface
THALAMUS
Classification
Classification of
of Thalamic
Thalamic Nuclei
Nuclei
I. Lateral Nuclear Group
II. Medial Nuclear Group
III. Anterior Nuclear Group
IV. Posterior Nuclear Group
V. Metathalamic Nuclear Group
VI. Intralaminar Nuclear Group
VII. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
Classification
Classification of
of Thalamic
Thalamic Nuclei
Nuclei
Basal
Ganglia
BasalGangliaIntroduction
BasalGangliaIntroduction
Corpus Striatum
Caudate Nucleus
Neostriatum Striatum
Lenticular Nucleus Putamen
Globus Pallidus Paleostriatum Pallidum
Corpus Amygdaloideum Archistriatum
Afferent Connections of Basal Ganglia
Efferent Connections of Basal Ganglia
HUNTINGTONS CHOREA
Clinical Feature
- Predominantly autosomal dominantly
inherited chronic fatal disease
(Gene: chromosome 4)
- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50
- Choreic movements in onset
- Frequently associated with
emotional disturbances
- Ultimately, grotesque gait and sever
dysarthria, progressive dementia
ensues.
Principal Pathologic Lesion:
Corpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus)
and Cerebral Cortex
SYDENHAMS
SYDENHAMSCHOREA
CHOREA
Clinical Feature
- Complication of
Rheumatic Fever
- Fine, disorganized , and
random movements of
extremities, face and
tongue
- Accompanied by
Muscular Hypotonia
- Typical exaggeration of
associated movements
during voluntary activity
- Usually recovers
spontaneously
Principal Pathologic Lesion: Corpus Striatum in 1 to 4 months
HEMIBALLISM
HEMIBALLISM
Clinical Feature
Disease of mesostriatal
dopaminergic system
Substantia Nigra,
Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic Neuron
Slowness of Movement
- Difficulty in Initiation and Cessation
of Movement
Parkinsons Disease
Paralysis Agitans
Allocortex
Archicortex (Archipallium)
Palaeocortex (Paleopallium)
Isocortex
Neocortex (Neopallium)
I. Molecular Layer
II. External Granular Layer
III. External Pyramidal Layer
IV. Internal Granular Layer
V. Internal Pyramidal Layer
VI. Polymorphic Layer
I. Molecular Layer
II. External Granular Layer
III. External Pyramidal Layer
Line of Kaes-Bechterew