Protection Application Fault calculations

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Electric Power Systems

Production Transmission Distribution Consumption

M
G
ABB Group - 2 -

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Lightning
stroke
Relay time 0,02 seconds
UR

US Breaker time 0,06 seconds

Voltage interruption 0,5 seconds

UT

IR

IS
ABB Group - 3 -

IT
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Need for fault calculations

Choice of suitable transmission system configuration

Load and short circuit ratings for high voltage equipment
Breaking capacity of CBs
Application and design of control & protection equipment
Service conditions of the system
Investigation of unsatisfactory performances of the
equipment
ABB Group - 4 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Types of faults
Short circuited faults
Three phase faults
Open circuited faults
Simultaneous faults
Open circuit faults
Single phase open circuit
Two phase open circuit
Three phase open circuit
Simultaneous faults
ABB Group - 5 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Short-circuit Test of a Power Transformer

- U + In
k
ABB Group - 6 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Three-winding Transformer
-U +
k
In

In
-U +
k

+ Uk -

In
ABB Group - 7 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Equivalent Y of a Three-winding Transformer

Z M

Z H
Z L
ABB Group - 8 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Zero-sequence Representation of Transformers

Zero sequence

Y D

Y D

Y Y

Y Y
ABB Group - 9 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Typical Values

Voltage Level Reactance

kV %
10 4
20 5
130 10
400 15
ABB Group - 10 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Representation of a Synchronous Machine

Xd I
+ +
Ef U
-
-
ABB Group - 11 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Fault Current from a Synchronous Machine

Fault current phase R

10 0 10 0

-10 0 -10 0

0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 1. 35 1. 4 1. 45 1. 5

10 0 Fault current phase S 10 0

-10 0 -10 0

0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 1. 35 1. 4 1. 45 1. 5

10 0 10 0
Fault current phase T

-10 0 -10 0

0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 1. 35 1. 4 1. 45 1. 5
ABB Group - 12 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Typical Values

Type Xd Xd
Hydro Generator 1.0 0.15
Steam Generator 2.0 0.25
ABB Group - 13 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Double-circuit Transmission Line

A B

A1 Z ,Z B1
1 0

Z
m0
A2 Z ,Z B2
1 0
ABB Group - 14 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Representation of a Double-circuit Line

A B
Z -Z
A1 0 m0
Z
m0

A2

Z -Z
0 m0
ABB Group - 15 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Symmetrical Components

Introduced by Fortescue in 1916

Developed in a book by Wagner and Evans
Very efficient for hand-calculations
Forms the base for computer programs
ABB Group - 16 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Unsymmetrical Voltages

Va = Ua sin (wt)

Vb = Ub sin (wt + a1)

Vc = Uc sin (wt + a2)

ABB Group - 17 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Phasor Representation

Va = Ua = Ua/_0

Vb = Ub (cos a1 + j sin a1) = Ub/_a1

Vc = Uc (cos a2 + j sin a2) = Uc/_a2

ABB Group - 18 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Transformation to Symmetrical Components

V0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc) (Zero sequence)

V1 = 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc) (Positive sequence)

V2 = 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc) (Negative sequence)

ABB Group - 19 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Transformation to Phasor Representation

Va = (V0 + V1 + V2)

Vb = (V0 + a2V1 + aV2)

Vc = (V0 + aV1 + a2V2)

ABB Group - 20 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Sequence Networks

Z 1 Z2 Z 0

E
ABB Group - 21 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Resistive Phase-to-earth Fault

c
b
a
R f
ABB Group - 22 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network for Single Phase-to-earth
Fault
Z1

Z2 3R f

Z0
ABB Group - 23 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Phase-to-phase-to-earth Fault

c
b
a
R f R f

R j
ABB Group - 24 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network for Phase-to-phase-to-earth
Fault

R R R +3R
f f f j

Z1 Z2 Z0

E
ABB Group - 25 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
A Faulted Power System

B C

A
Ph - Ea
ABB Group - 26 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network for the Faulty System

-
E
+

0
ABB Group - 27 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Balanced fault calculations
ABB Group - 28 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Equivalent circuit
ABB Group - 29 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Unbalanced fault calculation
ABB Group - 30 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network
ABB Group - 31 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Phase currents on 16kV side
ABB Group - 32 -
4-Dec-17
 Fault calculations
Phase currents on 16kV side
ABB Group - 33 -
4-Dec-17
 ABB Group - 34 -
4-Dec-17
Fault calculations