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BD2 W F
BD2 W F
b. Flexible Type
5. Polypropylene (PP)
2. Polybutylene (PB)
Advantages of Plastic Pipe:
1. Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion
2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes
3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the
buildup of scale, rust and foreign material that
often impedes through metallic pipes.
4. There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has
a minimum resistance to flow
5. PVC Pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the
metal pipe. And can be easily installed through
solvent cementing
6. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy to
cut as well as to install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material that
weight about 1/8 as much as the metal pipe.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe
using a threaded adapter
9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical used in
recommended strengths around the home
10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC
except a rule to measure and saw to cut
11. The best reason at all: You can do it yourself
Fittings is used in pipe systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections, to
adopt to different sizes and shapes,
and for other purposes, such as
regulating or measuring fluid flow.
Threaded brass, galvanized, stainless steel
and other non copper fittings are
often threaded, and the stanard
used if often is the National Pipe
Thread (NPT)
- is fairly self-explanatory, simply
twist the fitting onto your pipe.
However youll need to take care
not to unscrew the other end of the
pipe.
Compression are one of the quickest and
easiest ways to join two lines.
These connections are typically
used on hard copper pipe and
soft tubing that has 3/8 or
smaller outside diameter.
- though regularly used instead
of soldering, compression
connections should only be
installed in stationary situations
with little movement or impact
on the plumbing. If such activity
is expected soldering is
recommended. Compression
fittings are intended for one-time
use only.
Flare connections are used when water
pressure is high, or for gas
distribution: applications with
higherpressures than a compression fitting
could handle. When used with softer
copper, a special tool ( flaring tool) is
used to flare the tubing, modifying its
shape to facilitate a tight seal with the
cone-shaped flare piece.
Soldered Connection - To make
a solder connection, a
chemical flux is applied to the
inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint,
and the pipe is inserted. The joint
is then heated using a propane
gas or MAPP gas torch, solder
is applied to the heated joint, and
the melted solder is drawn into
the joint by capillary action as the
flux vaporizes.
Flanged Connection - Flanges are generally used when
there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments
and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.
Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces
to be joined tightly together, by means of
threaded bolts,wedges, clamps, or other means of
applying high compressive forces. Often,
agasket, packing, or an O-ring is installed between the
flanges to prevent leakage, but it is sometimes possible
to use only a special grease, or nothing at all, if the
mating surfaces are precisely formed. Flanges are
designed to the following pressure ratings: 150 lb,
300 lb, 400 lb, 600 lb, 900 lb,1500 lb and 2500 lb or 10
Bar, 15Bar, 25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and 150Bar.
Crimped or Pressed Fittings - Crimped or
pressed connections use special fittings which
are permanently attached to tubing with a
powered crimper. The special fittings,
manufactured with sealant already inside, slide
over the tubing to be connected. High pressure
is used to deform the fitting and compress the
sealant against the inner tubing, creating a
leakproof seal.
Solvent Welding - A solvent is applied to PVC,
CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially
dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping
and fitting. Solvent welding is usually used with a
sleeve-type joint, to connect pipe and fittings made
of the same (or closely compatible) material.
Unlike regular welding of metals, solvent
welding is relatively easy to perform, although
care is still needed to produce reliable joints.
Solvents typically used for plastics are
usually toxic, may be carcinogenic, and may also
be flammable, requiring adequate ventilation.
Bard Connection - Barbed fittings are used to
connect flexible tubing (including garden hoses) to
metal or plastic piping. The barbed end of the
fitting is pushed into the hose, and a clamp
tightened around it to secure a seal. Barbs are sized
by the ID of the hose to be connected. The other
end typically utilizes an IPS (MIPS or FIPS), GHT
or slip connection. These types of fittings are
commonly used in commercial beverage
applications, such as tap lines or soda fountains.
Definition of Fittings
A fitting is used in pipe systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to
different sizes or shapes, and for other
purposes, such as regulating or
measuring fluid flow.
Elbow - An elbow is a pipe fitting installed
between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow
a change of direction, usually a 90 or
45 angle, though 22.5 elbows are also made.
The ends may be machined for butt
welding, threaded (usually female),
or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in
size, the fitting is called a reducing
elbow or reducer elbow.
Elbows are categorized based on various design features as
below:
Long Radius (LR) Elbows radius is 1.5 times the pipe
diameter
Short Radius (SR) Elbows radius is 1.0 times the pipe
diameter
90 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 90
60 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 60
45 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 45
A 90 degree elbow is also called a "90 bend" or "90 ell". It is a
fitting which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree
change in the direction of flow in the pipe. It is used to
change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called a
"quarter bend". A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to
plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to
rubber with stainless steel clamps. It is available in many
materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized steel,
etc. The main application of an elbow (90 degree) is to
connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck
drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon
A 45 degree elbow is also called a "45 bend" or "45 ell". It is commonly
used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks,
chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial pipeline
networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, agriculture and garden
production transporting system, pipeline network for solar energy
facility, etc.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The
short radius elbows have a center-to-end distance equal to the Nominal
Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in
inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically used in
pressurized systems.
Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and
other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of
entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available in acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for DWV,
sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and
copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.
Coupling - connects two pipes to each other. If
the size of the pipe is not the same, the
fitting may be called a reducing
coupling or reducer, or an adapter. By
convention, the term "expander" is not
generally used for a coupler that
increases pipe size; instead the term
"reducer" is used. There are two
different types of couplings: slip and
regular couplings
Union - A union is similar to a coupling, except it is
designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection
of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While
a coupling would require either solvent
welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the
pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union
provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection
or disconnection at any future time. A standard union
pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female
end, and a male end. When the female and male ends
are joined, the nut then provides the necessary
pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the
union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other
device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time.
Pipe unions are essentially a type of flange connector,
as discussed further below.
- In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of
union exist:
Dielectric unions are unions with dielectric insulation, used
to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized
steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion.
When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an
electrically conductive solution (even tap water is
conductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage
byelectrolysis. When the two metals are in direct contact
with each other, the electric current from one metal to the
other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other,
dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A
dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a
plastic liner between two halves of the union, thus limiting
galvanic corrosion.
Rotary unions are unions that allow for rotation of one of
the united parts.
Reducer - A reducer allows for a change in
pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the system, or to
adapt to existing piping of a
different size. Reducers are
usually reducer
concentric but eccentric are used
when required to maintain the
same top- or bottom-of-pipe
level. Material ASTM A234
WPB
Tee - is the most common pipe fitting. It is available
with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets,
or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet
with female threads. It is used to either combine or
split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-
shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to
the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral
outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different
diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs.
They are made of various materials and available in
various sizes and finishes. They are extensively used in
pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid
mixtures. They are categorized as:
- Equal
Unequal
When the size of the branch is same as header pipes,
equal tee is used and when the branch size is less than
that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most
common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes.
Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing
Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee,
Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee,
Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical
Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double Branch
Tangential Tee.
Cross - Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a
branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting
becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets,
or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket
ends or female threaded ends.
Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on
pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the
center of four connection points. A tee is more steady
than a cross, as a tee behaves like a three-legged stool,
while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool.
(Geometrically, "any 3 non-collinear points define a
plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are
common in fire sprinkler systems, where stresses
caused by thermal expansion are not generally an
issue, but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as
compared to using two tees.
Cap - A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or
gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap
is used like plug, except that the pipe cap
screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe.
A cap may have a solvent weld socket end or a
female threaded end and the other end closed
off. In plumbing systems that use threads, the
cap has female threads. Industrial caps can be
round, square, rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped
and may have a round hand grip or a flat hand
grip.