ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

(ANOVA)
INTRODUCTION

ANOVA test assesses whether the means of three (3) groups or more
statistically difference from each other.
ANOVA is a parametric test which assumes:
Data normally distributes
Variances of the groups are similar
Size of the groups are similar
Groups are independent
Ex: mean of test
scores btw class A B C
HYPOTHESES
All means are equal

H 0 : 1 2 3 ... k

H1 i j for some i j

At least one pair of

population means are not
equal
TWO TYPES OF VARIATION IN ANOVA

Between groups (Treatment) Variation

This is the variation of the sample means X 1 , X 2 and X 3 around the
grand mean X

Within groups (Treatment) Variation

The variation of the individual observation within each column from their
respective means, X 1 , X 2 and X 3

The formula for computing the F-statistics involves dividing the

between group variance estimate by the within group variance
estimate.
Variation refer to a sum of squared deviation or sum of squares (SS).
 HAFAL!!!!
TABLE OF ANOVA B= btwn group
W= wthin group

Source df SS MS F P-value

k-1 SS b
SS b
SS b k 1 MS b
MS w < .05
n-k SS w SS w
SS w nk

Total n-1
EXAMPLE

A sample of 53 subjects were obtained, each drawing a picture prior to

training. 19 subjects received the training method of interest (Edwards
method), 18 received the sham treatment, and 16 received the placebo
treatment (no training). Drawings were obtained after the training, and
difference scores obtained for each subject (post training-pre training).
Complete the following ANOVA table.

ANOVA
Source df SS MS F
Groups (SSb) (k-1)2 291.8 Msb=145.90 14.786
Error(SSw) (n-K) 50 493.3881 Msw=9.867
Total 52
 The data below resulted from measuring the difference in resistance resulting
from subjecting identical resistors to three different temperatures for a period
of 24 hours. The sample size of each group was 5. In the language of design of
experiments, we have an experiment in which each of three treatments was
replicated 5 times.
COMPLETE THE ANOVA TABLE

ANOVA
Source df SS MS F
Groups 2 27.897 13.949 9.594
Error 12 17.448 1.454
Total 14
TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR COMPARISON OF 3 OR
MORE MEANS
Test: ANOVA

Null hypothesis, H0

There is no significant difference in _____

among/between (3 categories)

Alternative hypothesis, Ha

There is significant difference in ______

among/between (3 categories)
HOW TO CHOOSE HYPOTHESIS?
Based on
your
confidenc
e interval

p-value >
0.05

EXAMPLE (SPSS)

EXAMPLE
30 first year college students are randomly assigned to 3 groups to measure
their stress level before their examination. Before this testing, different types
of drugs namely Drug A, Drug B and Drug C were prescribed to these three
groups respectively to measure its effectiveness.

P-value

Repeat the
pairs (delete
this row)
RQ: IS THERE ANY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES OF THE
EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN DRUG?

P-value
<0.05

A One-way ANOVA table revealed that there were significant differences in the
effectiveness for each drug, F(2, 27) = 5.475, p-value < .05. This means we
reject null hypothesis.
 Mean difference P-value
negative <0.05

An LSD comparison was computed to determine the differences

that occur among the drugs. LSD comparisons revealed that two
mean scores are significantly different from another except for
scores between Drug B and Drug C. Drug A is less effective than
Drug B and Drug C.

Mean difference
negative