Chap 6 Industrial Chemistry

NIRWANA ACADEMY GROUP OF COLLEGES
FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE
CHEMISTRY A
CHAPTER 6
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL SOCIETY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 At the end of the lessons, student would be
able to
 understand the basic principle of spectroscopy
 identify the emission spectrum a particular
elements
 write a correct electronic configuration of an
element
CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
 Industry uses chemical reactions to produce
chemicals for society
 to replace naturally occurring chemicals that
are no longer available or are not economically
viable
 Some common production: Haber, Ostwald
and Contact process

HABER PROCESS
 is the nitrogen fixation reaction of nitrogen
and hydrogen, over an iron substrate to
produce ammonia
 it is important because ammonia is difficult to
produce in industrial scale
 Ammonia was first manufactured using this
process in Germany during WW I to meet high
demand for ammonium nitrate which needed for
explosives

HABER PROCESS
 Firstly, about 45% of methane (CH 4) is used to
react with steam, the rest of the methane is
reacted with air
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
2CH4(g) + O2(g) + 4N2(g) 2CO(g) + 4H2(g) + 4N2(g)
 the CO in the mixture is oxidised to CO 2 using
steam and an iron oxide catalyst
CO(g) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CO2(g)
 CO2 is removed so that only N2 and H2 remain
and are used in the production of ammonia
HABER PROCESS
 In ammonia production, the pure and dry H 2
and N2 are mixed together in a ratio of 3:1 by
volume and compressed to a pressure around
200-500 atm
 The reaction is exothermic, releasing
92.4kJ/mol of energy at 298K (25oC)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH = -92.4 kJ mol-1

HABER PROCESS
 In 1909, Fritz Haber established the conditions
for the reaction of N2 and H2
 medium temperature (~400-500oC)
⇨ ↓ T causes the equilibrium shift to right resulting higher
yield
⇨ it means the system will adjust to minimize the effect of
the change, where it will produce more heat
⇨ However, the rate of reaction extremely slow, so a ↑ T
must be used to speed up the reaction which results in a
lower yield of ammonia

HABER PROCESS
 very high pressure (~250 atmospheres, ~351kPa)
⇨ ↑ pressure causes the equilibrium shift to right resulting
in a higher yield
⇨ this would brings the molecules more closer and
increases the chance of hitting and sticking to the surface
of the catalyst
⇨ also means the system will adjusts to reduce the effect of
the change, that is, to respond by favoring the reaction
which produces fewer gas molecules

HABER PROCESS
 a catalyst (a porous iron catalyst prepared by
reducing magnetite, Fe3O4)
⇨ used to speed up the reaction by lowering the activation
energy so that the N2 bonds and H2 bonds can be more
readily broken
⇨ Has no effect on the position of the equilibrium and do
not produce any greater percentage of ammonia
⇨ Osmium is a much better catalyst for the reaction but is
very expensive

HABER PROCESS
 Under these conditions, NH3 yields
approximately 10-20%
 During production, the reaction never reaches
equilibrium as the gas mixture in the reactor is
cooled to liquefy and remove the NH3
 The remaining mixture of unreacted N 2 and H2
are pumped back and recycled through the
reactor
 The heat released by the reaction is removed and
used to heat the incoming gas mixture
HABER PROCESS

HABER PROCESS

USES OF AMMONIA
 Is mainly used in the manufacture of nitric
acid
 Also used to produce nitrogenous fertilizers
such as
 Ammonium sulphate
⇨ Neutralization of ammonia with sulphuric acid
 Ammonium nitrate
⇨ Neutralization of ammonia with nitric acid
 Urea
⇨ Ammonia reacts with CO2 at 200oC and 200 atm

USES OF AMMONIA
 In petroleum industry, ammonia was used in
neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil
and for protection of equipment from
corrosion
 Also used in the mining industry for extraction
of metals from their ores
 widely used refrigerant in industrial
refrigeration systems

USES OF AMMONIA
 used in several areas of water and wastewater
treatment
 Weak ammonia solutions are also widely used
as commercial and household cleaners and
detergents
 it reacts with HCl to produce ammonium
chloride which use as electrolyte in dry cell

OSTWALD PROCESS
 Once ammonia has been produced by the
Haber process, it can be converted into nitric
acid through a multi-step procedure known as
the Ostwald process
 In the first step in this reaction, ammonia and
oxygen gas catalytically react to form nitrogen
monoxide
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH= -906 kJ mol-1

OSTWALD PROCESS
 In production, a platinum-rhodium metal
gauze is used as catalyst and heated to about
900oC. However, even a hot copper wire can
catalyze the reaction in the laboratory
 Once the reaction has started, the energy
produces is enough to keep the catalyst hot
enough to sustain the reaction

OSTWALD PROCESS
 Next, the NO reacts with oxygen to produce
NO2
 No catalyst is required as it occurs in air at RT
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
 NO2 is then converted to HNO3 by absorbing
NO2 in water, in the presence of air
 The nitric acid is separated by distillation, and
the NO can be recycled
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

OSTWALD PROCESS
 HNO3 can then be used in the manufacture of
countless numbers of different nitrogen
containing compounds
 Ammonia and nitric acid produced are used
for the production of many ammonium salts
and nitrates, which act as fertilizers, e.g.,
calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), one of the
most important forms of nitrogen fertilizers

OSTWALD PROCESS

USES OF NITRIC ACID
 principle use is the production of fertilizers,
explosives, flares, and rocket propellants
 In making explosives, HNO3 react with toluene in
the presence of sulphuric acid to form
trinitrotoluene (TNT); other explosives include
nitro glycerine, gun cotton, ammonal (a mixture of
ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder) etc.
 Fertilizers such as calcium nitrate, ammonium
nitrate etc
 Nitrate salts such as calcium nitrate, silver nitrate,
ammonium nitrate
USES OF NITRIC ACID
 Dyes, perfumes, drugs etc. from coal tar products
 a powerful oxidizing agents when mix with
HCl acid which dissolves many metals except
gold or platinum
 purification of silver, gold, platinum etc

USES OF NITRIC ACID

CONTACT PROCESS
 the current method of producing sulphuric acid
in the ↑ [ ]; a far more economical process than
the previous lead chamber process
 can be divided into three stages
 Preparation and purification of SO2
 Catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to SO3
 Conversion of SO3 to sulphuric acid

CONTACT PROCESS
 The first step involving the combustion of
sulfur (or metal sulfide ore e.g. PbS) to form
sulphur dioxide
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
 an excess of air is used so that the SO2 produced
is already mixed with oxygen for the next stage
 Purification is necessary to avoid catalyst
poisoning then cleaned by electrostatic
precipitation to remove any particulate matter
CONTACT PROCESS
 In second step, the mixture is heated by
exhaust gases from the catalytic converter by
heat exchangers
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ∆H = -197.78 kJ
 To increase rate of reaction, SO2 is passed over
vanadium pentoxide or platinum catalyst, at
450°C and 10 atm to ensure a 98-99.5%
conversion to sulfur trioxide
 platinum would be a more suitable catalyst,
but it is very costly and easily poisoned
CONTACT PROCESS
 Any unreacted gases from the above reaction
are recycled back into the above reaction
 In final step, SO3 is dissolved in water forming
sulphuric acid
 This process takes place in absorption towers
 However the reaction is slow and the hot
gaseous SO3 cannot directly added to water as
the reaction is very exothermic

CONTACT PROCESS
 would cause the acid to vaporize and form a
dangerous mist
 To avoid this problem, the SO3 is added to a
flowing solution of concentrated sulphuric
acid (~98%; 18M) rather than to pure water
 Produces disulphuric acid or pyrosulphuric
acid which is known as fuming sulphuric acid
or oleum
H2SO4(l) + SO3(g) → H2S2O7(l)

CONTACT PROCESS
 Water was then added in small amounts, with
stirring, to react with oleum to produce
concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(aq)
 The average percentage yield of this reaction
is around 30%
 To increase the percent yield of the product,
several conditions that need to be concern

CONTACT PROCESS
 In terms of proportions, the mixture of SO2 and
O2 going into the reactor is in equal proportions
by volume
 But according to Le Chatelier's Principle,
increasing the concentration of oxygen in the
mixture causes the position of equilibrium to
shift towards the right
 Since the oxygen comes from the air, this is a
very cheap way of increasing the conversion of
SO2 into SO3
CONTACT PROCESS
 By increasing the proportion of oxygen, the
percentage of the SO2 converted can be
increase, but at the same time decrease the
total amount of SO3 made each day
 The 1:1 mixture turns out to give you the best
possible overall yield of SO3
 In terms of temperature, it need be lower since
the reaction involve exothermic

CONTACT PROCESS
 in order to produce the maximum possible
amount of SO3, a ↓T is needed so that it will
not force the equilibrium position to shift to
the left side of the equation that favoring the
production of SO2
 However the rate of reaction will decrease at
low temperature and the yield of SO 3 is lower
if increase in temperature

CONTACT PROCESS
 The temperature of 400 - 450°C is a
compromise temperature producing a fairly
high proportion of SO3 in the equilibrium
mixture
 In terms of pressure, the yield of SO 3 is higher
at high pressure
 There are 3 molecules on the left-hand side of
the equation, but only 2 on the right

CONTACT PROCESS
 increase in pressure will favor to the fewer
molecules (favors to the right side of the
equation) resulting in a higher yield of SO 3
 At the same time it will also increase the rate
of reaction
 The use of catalyst is also important in order to
increase the rate of reaction but no effect on
the equilibrium position and do not produce
any greater percentage of SO3 in the
equilibrium mixture
CONTACT PROCESS
 absence of a catalyst the reaction is so slow
that virtually no reaction happens in any
sensible time
 It ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a
dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the
very short time that the gases are actually in
the reactor

CONTACT PROCESS

CONTACT PROCESS

CONTACT PROCESS

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
 Three main usage of sulphuric acid in inductry
 Manufacture of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer
⇨ Sulphuric acid removes ammonia from the mixture of
gases produced in a coke oven
2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
⇨ Sulphuric acid treats phosphate rock forming insoluble
calcium phosphate, in, to mixtures that are soluble in
water and therefore available for plants
⇨ The mixtures are crushed and used as superphosphate,
Ca(H2PO4)2 fertilisers

 dehydrating agent
⇨ Sulpuric acid is used to dry the chlorine gas produced by the
electrolysis of sodium chloride solution
⇨ also used as a drying agent in the manufacture of explosives,
dyes and detergents and it brings about condensation
reactions in the production of polymers, and esters
⇨ Concentrated sulphuric acid (18M) is used to dehydrate
water, since it has a tendency to form hydrates such as
H2SO4.H2O, H2SO4.2H2O, etc
⇨ Can “suck” water out of carbohydrates and some other
organic compounds which contain oxygen and hydrogen. For
example,
C12H22O11(s) + 11H2SO4 -----> 12C(s) + 11H2SO4.H2O

 Cleaning iron and steel
⇨ To galvanise or electroplate iron or steel, any oxide that
has formed on its surface and any grease or dirt must
first be removed. This is done by treating with acid such
as sulphuric acid
 manufacturing of paints/pigments,
soaps/detergents, fibres, plastics, fertilisers
 As electrolyte used in lead-acid batteries
(accumulators)

 used in the production of nitroglycerine, an
inorganic ester & organic nitrate, which is
used as an explosive but can also be used as a
vasodilator (a substance that dilates blood
vessels and can be used in the treatment of
certain types of heart disease)

MEDICAL CHEMISTRY
 Medicine: the art and science of healing
 It encompasses a range of health care practices
evolved to maintain and restore health by the
prevention and treatment of illness
 Can be categorized into two
 Traditional medicines
 Modern medicines

TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
 Traditional medicines
 as the sum total of all knowledge and practices, whether
explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing, and
eliminating physical, mental, or societal imbalances
 involves theory, system, or practical experience and
observation where the knowledge of handed down from
generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing
 using herbal medication, or psychosocial therapies,
cosmic and meta/para-psychic interactions, simple
surgical procedures, rituals, and symbolism

MODERN MEDICINES
 Modern medicines
 is a medical practice information resource for time-
starved medical professionals
 It offers concise article summaries from over 300
peer-reviewed journals, coding and formulary
tools, customizable patient education materials, and
is also a continuing medical education(CME)
resource.

ANTIBIOTICS
 Is a kind of drugs that usually kill the bacteria
(bactericidal)
 A class of antimicrobials, a larger group which
also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-
parasitic drugs
 It also prevent the bacteria from multiplying
(bacteriostatic) so that the host's immune
system can overcome them; slows or inhibit
the growth of bacteria

ANTIBIOTICS
 Can only be used to treat bacterial infections
 Not effective against viral infections (for
example, the common cold), fungal infections
(such as ringworm) and other nonbacterial
infections
 each antibiotic is effective only for certain
types of infections
 The most common examples of antibiotic is
penicillin and streptomycin

ANTIBIOTICS
 Penicillin
⇨ isolated from the Penicillium chrysogenum (formerly
Penicillium notatum) mold
⇨ used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible
organisms
⇨ Also used to cure diseases that caused by bacteria
infection such as gonorrhea, syphilis, anthrax,
pneumonia and meningitis
⇨ is safe to be used and only very few peoples sensitive to
penicillin and experience certain side effect after
consumption

ANTIBIOTICS
 Streptomycin
⇨ First class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be
discovered
⇨ first antibiotic remedy for dry cough, tuberculosis,
urinary infection, pneumonia and dysentery
⇨ cannot be given orally, but must be administered by
regular intramuscular injection
 Other example: Cephalosporins, Macrolides,
Fluoroquinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines

ANTIBIOTICS
 Complete the entire course even if you feel
better before the course complete
 It is important for healing because the bacteria
may be partially treated and not completely
killed if stopped in midcourse
 Will also cause the bacteria to be resistant to
the antibiotic which will lead reinfection

ANTIBIOTICS
 There are several side effect when consuming
antibiotics:
 Vomiting
 Severe watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps
 Allergic reaction (shortness of breath, hives,
swelling of your lips, face, or tongue, fainting)
 Vaginal itching or discharge
 White patches on your tongue

ANALGESICS
 drug or medicine that consume to reduce or
eliminate or relieve pain without causing
decreased consciousness
 referred as painkiller medications
 work by blocking pain signals to the brain, or
how the brain interprets those signals
 primary classes are the narcotics, including
additional agents that are chemically based on
the morphine molecule but have minimal abuse
potential
ANALGESICS
 come in different forms; pills, injected in muscles
or veins, sprays or gels, patches
 classified as either narcotic or non-narcotic
 Example of non-narcotic drug
 Tylenol (paracetamol or acetaminophen)
⇨ a popular analgesic and antipyretic (against fever)
⇨ used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches
and pains
⇨ a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications and
many analgesics prescription
⇨ Safe to be consume in proper dose
⇨ Example: Panadol

ANALGESICS
 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
⇨ family of salicylates; a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID)
⇨ often used as analgesic (against minor pains and aches),
antipyretic (against fever), anti-inflammatory (Such as
arthritis)
⇨ has also an anticoagulant (blood thinning) effect but will
increase bleeding in menstruating women
⇨ Can be used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart
attacks
⇨ If stronger doses, the side effect would be gastrointestinal
distress (including ulcers and stomach bleeding) and
tinnitus
ANALGESICS
 Example of narcotic drug
 Codeine
⇨ a weak narcotic drug
⇨ A pain-reliever and cough- though its efficacy has been
disputed
⇨ Also relieve diarrhea and mild-to-moderate pain
⇨ small amount of codeine is converted to morphine in the
body
⇨ stronger than aspirin and paracetamol in high dose
⇨ Continuous consumption of codeine will cause addiction

ANALGESICS
 Hydrocodone
⇨ Also a pain-reliever and an antitussive (cough
suppressant)
⇨ Can combined with acetaminophen to achieve pain relief
 depends on the type of pain and its severity
 should be used in consultation with doctor

VACCINE
 Vaccines stimulate our immune system to
produce antibodies without us having to
become infected with the actual disease
 A dose of vaccine may contain:
 a suspending fluid to carry the vaccine into the
body
 preservatives and stabilizers so the vaccine can be
stored safely
 an adjuvant to improve the body's immune
response

VACCINE
 There are two types of immunity:
 Active immunity
⇨ generated by the body when the immune system is
triggered to produce antibodies against the disease as
though the body had been infected with it, either by the
immunization or the disease
⇨ also teaches the body's immune system how to produce
the appropriate antibodies quickly
⇨ If the immunized person then comes into contact with
the disease itself, their immune system will recognize it
and immediately produce the antibodies needed to fight
it

VACCINE
 Passive immunity
⇨ generated when the body is given proteins that act as
antibodies, or antibodies themselves, instead of
producing them itself. Immunoglobulins produce this
type of immunity
⇨ A newborn baby has passive immunity to several
diseases, such as measles, mumps and rubella, from
antibodies passed from its mother via the placenta
⇨ only lasts for a few weeks or months. In the case of
measles, mumps and rubella it may last up to one year in
infants

VACCINE
 manufacture starts by generating the very
organism that produces the disease, the
pathogen
 Many bacteria, for example, can be grown on
agar gel. Viruses are mass produced by
infecting cells grown in tissue culture

VACCINE
 Then the pathogen must be altered to make sure it
doesn't trigger the disease itself. This can be done
by:
 weakening, or attenuating the pathogen by growing it
repeatedly to select a strain which doesn't cause
complications of the natural disease. The polio and
MMR vaccines are attenuated
 extracting the part of the pathogen that causes the
immune response and using this in the vaccine. The Hib
vaccine is made in this way
 killing the pathogen by heating it or by using formalin.
The whooping cough vaccine is made in this way

VACCINE
 The treated pathogen can then be combined
with the other components (the adjuvant,
stabilizers and preservatives) to produce a
dose of vaccine
 Scientists are trying to find new ways of
producing vaccines, particularly using
biotechnology and genetic engineering

VITAMIN
 required for normal function, growth, and
maintenance of body tissues
 a deficiency will occur with a subsequent
decline in health if insufficient quantity of any
vitamin
 into two classes
 fat-soluble
 water-soluble
 determine how it is absorbed and transported by
the bloodstream
VITAMIN
 Fat soluble vitamin include as follows:
 Vitamin A
⇨ abundant in food supply; low risk of a deficiency
⇨ needed for regulation of the immune system, vision,
reproduction, bone growth, cell division, and cell
differentiation
⇨ Deficiency: night blindness and a decreased immune
system, resulting in a decrease in the ability to fight
infections
⇨ occur from an inadequate diet, chronic diarrhea, and an
excess intake of alcohol

VITAMIN
 Vitamin D
⇨ supplied by our diet and sunlight
⇨ Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays can trigger the production
of vitamin D in our body
⇨ amount of sun needed depend on skin color, age, the time of
the day, season, and geographic location
⇨ needed for healthy bones by maintaining normal blood
levels of calcium and phosphorus and for maintenance of a
healthy immune system
⇨ Deficiency in children: rickets; adults: osteomalacia
(softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization)
⇨ Deficiency occurs from inadequate diet, limited exposure to
sunlight, and malabsorption

VITAMIN
 Vitamin E
⇨ It shown to have a wide array of health benefits,
including prevention of stroke, diabetes, cancer, heart
disease, arthritis, cataracts and improved immune
function
⇨ Deficiency of this may cause numerous health problems
however it is rare
⇨ Impairment in ability to absorb fat would put at risk for a
deficiency

VITAMIN
 Vitamin K
⇨ most well-known by those who take blood-thinning
medications
⇨ plays a crucial role in blood clotting and needs to be
monitored when taking these medications
⇨ also needed for bone proteins
⇨ Some can be made in the intestines
⇨ However when people take antibiotics that kill the
beneficial and harmful bacteria in the intestines, it puts
them at risk for a vitamin K deficiency

VITAMIN
 Water soluble vitamin include as follows:
 Vitamin B
⇨ There are numerous of vitamin B where each one of
them facilitates energy release in every cell, so a
deficiency affects the entire body
⇨ deficiencies are rare when a diet is well balanced
⇨ Well known vitamin B includes:
 Thiamin
 Also known as vitamin B1
 involved in nervous-system and muscle functioning, the flow of electrolytes in
and out of nerve and muscle cells, carbohydrate metabolism, and the production
of hydrochloric acid
 Chronic alcohol intake and an inadequate diet can lead to a thiamin deficiency
 Deficiency: Beriberi

VITAMIN
 Riboflavin
 Also known as vitamin B2
 plays a role in energy metabolism
 similar function and sources as thiamin
 Niacin
 Also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid
 plays a role in energy metabolism as well as the responsible for the synthesis and
breakdown of fatty acids
 Deficiency: Pellagra
 Folate
 Also known as vitamin B9, folacin or folic acid
 produce and maintain new cells
 protection of developing fetuses
 Deficiency: neural tube defects that result in malformations of the spine (spina
bifida), skull, and brain (anencephaly)

VITAMIN
 Vitamin B12
 Also needed for producing and maintaining new cells
 needed to maintain the sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibers
 Deficiency: pernicious anemia where symptoms include fatigue, weakness,
constipation, loss of appetite, weight loss, and numbness and tingling in the
hands and feet

VITAMIN
 Vitamin C
⇨ needed to form collagen in bones, cartilage, muscle, and
blood vessels, and aids in the absorption of iron
⇨ Deficiency: scurvy may include loss of appetite,
diarrhea, shortness of breath, weakness, and fever,
followed by irritability, depression, leg pain,
pseudoparalysis, swelling over long bones of the body,
anemia, paleness, poor wound healing, corkscrew hair,
dry eyes, skin thickening (hyperkeratosis), and bleeding
(particularly gum bleeding, bleeding behind the eyes
causing prominence, bleeding at the joints of the ribs and
sternum causing discoloration under the skin of the
chest, skin bruising, or blood in the urine or stool)
VITAMIN
 Some vitamins can act as antioxidant
 Antioxidant: a molecule capable of slowing or
preventing the oxidation of other molecules
 Oxidants or "free radicals," are also introduced
through external sources such as exposure to the
sun or pollution
 Other mediums include stress, as well as things
that people put into their bodies, such as
alcoholic beverages, unhealthy foods, and
cigarette smoke
VITAMIN
 Free radicals produced breakdown of cells
through chain reaction which will attack
healthy cells, usually DNA as well as proteins
and fats
 weakens immunological functions as well as
speeding up the aging process, and is also
linked to several diseases such as cataracts,
various forms of cancer, and heart disease
 Some studies indicate possible links to arthritis
and several other chronic conditions.
VITAMIN
 Antioxidant agent helps to reduce the effect of
dangerous oxidants by binding together with
these harmful molecules, decreasing their
destructive power
 also help repair damage already sustained by cells
 Vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E are the most
well known antioxidant; reducing agent
 Vitamin A: have a beta-ionone ring which
converted from beta-carotene; main source:
carrot, liver, broccoli, spinach
VITAMIN
 Vitamin C: L-ascorbic acid; a highly effective
antioxidant; where the ascorbate ion acts as an
electron donor for important enzymes; main
source: citrus fruits, rose hips
 Vitamin E: a generic term for tocopherols and
tocotrienols; stops the production of reactive
oxygen species formed when fat undergoes
oxidation; main source: asparagus; avocado,
nuts, vegetable oils

ANTISEPTICS
 are antimicrobial substances that are applied to
living tissue/skin
 to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or
putrefaction
 Some are true germicides: capable of
destroying microbes (bacteriocidal); others are
bacteriostatic: only prevent or inhibit their
growth

ANTISEPTICS
 Antibacterial that have the proven ability to act
against bacteria especially if they target systems
which kill only bacteria
 Some common antiseptic:
 Ethyl alcohol
⇨ functioning well to inhibit the growth and reproduction of
many microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa,
and viruses
⇨ 70% alcohol is a more effective antiseptic than 100%
alcohol where 70% alcohol causes coagulation to occur
more gradually, slowing down the microorganism from the
inside out
ANTISEPTICS
 Iodine
⇨ Usually used in an alcoholic solution
⇨ the widest scope of antimicrobial activity, killing all
principal pathogenes
 Other example: boric acid, hydrogen peroxide,
sodium chloride

Chap 6 Industrial Chemistry

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Chap 6 Industrial Chemistry

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NIRWANA ACADEMY GROUP OF COLLEGES

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A

CHAPTER 6: Introduction to Chemistry in Society CHM 1001 CHEMSTRY A