SEMINAR TOPIC

BIO CHEMISTRY OF AGING

SUBMITTED TO
RABIA SABA
SUBMITTED BY
MUHAMMAD KHAWAR HAYYAT
ROLLNO
BS ZOL F13 R 27
U-O-S
SUB CAMPUS BHAKKAR
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BIO CHEMISTRY OF AGING
 CONTENTS
Aging
Changes in organs include
Factors of Aging
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Anti-aging Agents
 Aging
Gradual change in an organism that leads
to increased risk of weakness, disease,
and death over the entire adult life span of
any living thing.
There is a decline in biological functions
and in ability to adapt to metabolic stress.
 Changes in organs include

Reduced immunity,
Loss of muscle strength,
Decline in memory and cognition,
Loss of colour in the hair
Elasticity in the skin
 Gerontology and Geriatrics

Gerontology is concerned with the

changes that occur between maturity and
death along with factors that influence
these changes.
Geriatrics focuses on health care of
elderly people and promote health by
preventing and treating diseases and
disabilities in older adults.
 Factors of Aging

Mitochondrial Damage
Free Radicals
Telomeres
Apoptosis and Necrosis
Diseases
Other Effects
 Mitochondria:
During the synthesis of macroergic
bio-molecules(high energy releasing
potentials e.g. ATP) free radicals are
being produced as the by-product.
Free radicals released in large
quantities cause intercellular oxidative
stress (e.g. oxidative damage of
mitochondria) damaging mitochondria
and cause early apoptosis
 Free radical
A molecule that contains one or more
unpaired electrons &is capable of
independent existence.
E.g. :Superoxide, Nitric oxide (NO)
Harmful effect of free radicals
Because of their reactive nature, free
radical can provoke inflammation or
altered cellular function through

Lipid peroxidation
Protein modification
DNA modification
 Lipid peroxidation product:

React with amino acid mainly CYS,

HIS,LYS to modify protein structure &
function.

Can crosslink lipid in cell membrane

interrupting structure & fluidity.
 Protein modification
Proteins are major targets of free
radical attack because of their high
abundance & responsible for most of
functional processes.
Free radical causes oxidation &
modification of certain amino acid
(met, cys, His)
ROS may damage protein by
fragmentation net result is loss of
biological activity of proteins
 DNA modification:
Free radical induced DNA damage
includes

Strand break.
DNA protein crosslink.
Large range of base & sugar
modification.
 Telomeres

Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends

of all human chromosomes aging cells
have shorter telomeres length differs
between species in humans 8-14kb
long
 Telomeres are thought to be the
"clock" that regulates how many
times an individual cell can divide.
Telomeric sequences shorten each
time the DNA replicates.
Once the telomere shrinks to a
certain level, the cell can no longer
divide. Its metabolism slows down, it
ages, and dies
There are two ways that a cell can
die:
1) Necrosis
2) Apoptosis
 Necrosis occurs when a cell is
damaged by an external force, such as
poison, a bodily injury, an infection or
getting cut off from the blood supply
(which might occur during a heart
attack or stroke). When cells die from
necrosis, it's a rather messy affair. The
death causes inflammation that can
cause further distress or injury within
the body.
 Apoptosis or programmed cell death When a
cell is compelled to commit suicide proteins
called caspases go into action.

They break down the cellular components

needed for survival, production of enzymes
known as DNAases, which destroy the DNA in
the nucleus of the cell.
 Apoptosis Process
1) Cell damaged, stress or triggered
by body signals begin apoptosis
2) The cell begins shrink and form
blebs. Proteins are activated to break
down cellular components
3) Enzymes break down the nucleus
and cell emits signals to attract
macrophages
4) The cell breaks into several
smaller pieces containing cellular
components and destroyed
nucleus
5) Macrophages recognize the cell
parts and remove from the body
Comparison between Apoptosis and Necrosis
 Diseases

Progeria
Werner Syndrome
 Other Effects
Stress Effects
Octopus Suicide: The octopus
suicide mechanism involves
behaviors where Females stop eating
and die of starvation
 Anti-aging Agents.
Aspirin
Caloric restriction
Exercise
laughing out louder
Resveratrol, a constituent of red wine
and grape skins has been found to
extend life span