€ Present Simple idote oes.) A fact, habit or a regular action: Fact: She is an author. She writes books. Habit: She always writes in the morning. Regular Action: She writes two books a year.€ Present Continuous (I'm doing, she's doing, we're doing ...) A temporary action in progress at present: She is currently writing a new book. Happening now Toho —$—_ > uate at€ Present Perfect (have dene, she has done ...) a) With an action verb: A completed action without a specified time in the past. The following expressions require this tense: She has already written 40 books. Action completed at come paint in the past, € Present Perfect (have dene, she has done ...) b) With a state verb, ¢.g.*to be’,‘to have’,'to know’ etc. 10 of spoaking ‘I have done’ replaces ‘I have been doing’. She has been (been-being) a writer for 15 years. I have known (I_have-been-knowing) her since 2010. past Timeline —_f for since© Present Perfect Continuous (I've been doing, she has been doing ...) An action that has already started and is still going on: She has been writing books for over 20 years. now Z Timeline — — for — since she was 18 EN g RT¢ Past Simple (Idi she did...) A completed action at a specified time in the past, Any time expression that refers to a specific time in the past requires this tense: She wrote that novel many years ago. Timeline J Now Action completed at ‘a specific time in the past c.g. yesterday, Lwo weeks ago, when | was ten, etc, ENR¢ Past Continuous (I was doing, we were doing ...) Action in progress in the past either: a) when a shorter action took place b) ata very precise moment She was writing that novel when she became ill, Timeline at 7 Now¢ Past Pe rfect (I had done, we had done...) Action that was completed in the past either: a) before another action took place b) before a very precise moment She had written that novel before she became ill. Timeline Now nals© Past Perfect Continuous (| had been doing, we had been doing ...) Action that had started, continued for some time and was still in progress in the past: a) before another action b) before a very precise moment She had been writing that novel for a few months when she became ill. Timeline Now Aula€ Future Simple (will do, she will do 1. A decision at the time of speaking (used mainly in dialogues, and in contracted form): a Dan called earlier. He wants you to call him back. a O.K. I'l call him as soon as I can. 2. A possi in the future (usually in combination with an expression of possil I will probably call him this afternoon. € ‘Be going to’ (Lam going to do, she is going to do ...) 1, An action in the future that has already been planned by the speaker: T am going to call Dan after tunch 2. Something that is certain to happen in the near future: I know he is going to invite me out.© Future Continuous (1 will be doing, we will be doing ...) a) Action in progress at a specific time in the future (the equivalent of Present and Past Continuous Tenses): pe Will you be home at 9 o'clock tonight? & No, I will be having dinner with Dan at that time. Timeline, ———- - ee ny Sad 3 otclock € Future Continuous a b) Occasionally, as an alternative to ‘going to’ for a future plan or ‘be doing’ for a future arrangement. II be doing, we will be doing ...) a Are you going to pay for the meal? & Yes, I will be paying because he paid last time. a Which restaurant are you going to? & We will be going to the Mexican restaurant.¢ Future Perfect ¢ witha done,we will have done .) Action that will be completed in the future either: a) before a specific moment b) before another action takes place We will have left the restaurant by midnight. Timeline —_—f = : eseeeleves » midnight eA© Future Perfect Continuous (| will have been doing, we will have been doing ...) Action that will have started, continued for some time and will still be in progress in the future: a) before a specific moment b) before another action takes place We will have been drinking for a few hours by the time we leave. nals