Traffic & Highway

Engineering
Fourth Edition, SI
Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel
2010
Introduction
Transportation is essential for a nation's
development and growth.
Opportunities for engineering careers in
transportation are exciting and rewarding.
Highway, rail, airport, and mass transit
systems.
New techniques are being applied for operating
and maintaining the systems safely and
economically.
Many organizations and agencies exist to plan,
design, build, operate, and maintain the
nation's transportation system.
Introduction

Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
Importance of Transportation

Transportation History

Transportation Employment
Chapter 1

The Profession of
Transportation
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
For as long as the human race has existed,
transportation has played a significant role by
facilitating trade, commerce, conquest, and
social interaction.
The primary need for transportation has been
economic, involving personal travel in search
of food or work, travel for the exchange of
goods and commodities, exploration , personal
fulfillment, and the improvement of a society or
a nation.
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
The movements of people and goods, which is the
basis of transportation,
basic objectives or tasks that require transfer from one
location to another.
For example, a farmer must transport produce to
market,
a doctor must see a patient in the office or in the
hospital,
and a salesman must visit clients located throughout
a territory.
Every day, millions of people leave their homes and
travel to a workplace-be it a factory, office, classroom,
or distant city.
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
The speed, Cost, Capacity of transportation
have a significant impact on economic vitality,
and to make maximum use of its natural
resources.
countries with advanced transportation
systems are leaders in industry and
commerce.
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
1.1.1 Transportation and Economic Growth

Students are requested to read this topic and to

discuss it in the next lecture
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
1.1.2 Social Costs and Benefits of
Transportation

Students are requested to read this topic and to

discuss it in the next lecture
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
1.1.3 Transportation in the United States
Is transportation very important? Why should
you study the subject?
how transportation impacts people's daily
lives?.
amount of land consumed for transportation
facilities,
can exceed 50% of the land area.
statistics
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
1.1.3 Transportation in the United States
Bureau of Transportation Statistics of the U.S.
Approximately 18% of US. household
expenditure is related to transportation.
Transportation accounts for about 28% of total
energy consumption.
Almost 100% of the energy utilized for
propelling transport vehicles is derived from
petroleum resources.
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
Over 50% of all petroleum products consumed
in the United States are for transportation
purposes.
Over 80% of eligible drivers are licensed to
operate a motor vehicle.
Each person in the Unites States travels an
average of 19,300 km each year.
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation
Over 10% of the work force is employed in a
transportation-related activity.
There are almost 6.5 million km of paved
roadway, of which 1,213,400 km are used for
intercity travel and 75,300 km are interstate
highways.
There are approximately 225,800 km of freight
railroads, 5300 public use airports, 41 ,850 km
of navigable channels, and 577,700 km of oil
and gas pipelines.
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation

Figure 1.6 The Profession of Transportation Engineering

1.1 Background
1.1.1 Roads and Civilization

1.1.1 Roads and Civilization

The wheel was invented in 5000 BC years.

This made necessary the construction of special hard
surfaces of roads.
Ancient roads were built to suit the old mode of
transportation (horses, donkeys and carts). Motor
vehicles used these roads and in many cases they were
not very suitable.
Roads improve communication and hence civilisation.
The prosperity of a nation is bound up with the state of its
roads.
 History of Car

In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor
invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle,
Speed (2.5 mile/h)
The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam
power.
 1.1 Background

History of Car (continue)

In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making
Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident.
This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor.
After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was injured, the money for
Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended.
Between 1832 and 1839 Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first
electric car. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small
electric motor.
The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for
recharging
 Background

History of Car (continue)

Around 1885s, the Early Gasoline-Powered Cars was invented which was
better than the electric and steam engine cars
 Growth of the number of motor vehicles
In Britain

Year No. of Reg. 1 car for.. % of increase

vehicles people (average/year)
1903 17,000 2249.2
1909 144,000 292.2 124.5%
1951 4,190,000 12.0 66.9%
1961 8,989,000 5.9 11.5%
1971 14,030,000 4.0 5.6%
1981 19,346,700 2.9 3.8%
1991 24,511,000 2.3 2.7%
1993 24,826,000 2.3 0.6%
1994 25,231,000 2.3 1.6%
1995 25,369,000 2.3 0.5%
1996 26,302,000 2.2 3.7%
1997 26,974,000 2.2 2.6%
1998 27,538,412 2.1 2.1%
1999 28,367,000 2.1 3.0%
2000 28,897,000 2.0 1.9%
2001 29,747,130 2.0 2.9%
2002 30,557,000 1.9 2.7%
2003 31,207,360 1.9 2.1%
2004 32,258,854 1.9 3.4%
2005 32,897,000 1.8 2.0%
 Growth of the number of motor vehicles
In Palestine

Year Gaza Strip West Bank

No. of Reg. % of No. of Reg. % of
vehicles increase vehicles increase
In 1997 there was 1 car 1970 3,350 4,893
1980 13,587 305.6% 24,257 395.7%
for every 21 people in 1985 22,938 68.8% 49,316 103.3%
Gaza Strip. Based on a 1987 24,865 8.4% 59,576 20.8%
1988 24,367 -2.0%
population of 963,026.
1989 23,008 -5.6%
1990 24,214 5.2% 70,774
1991 24,290 0.3% 76,076 7.5%
1992 24,892 2.5% 86,896 14.2%
In 2004 there was 1 car 1993 26,974 8.4% 96,506 11.1%
for every 25 people in 1994 32,467 20.4% 108,402 12.3%
1995 43,809 34.9% 93,566 -13.7%
Gaza Strip. Based on a 1996 43,802 0.0% 105,572 12.8%
population of 1337236. 1997 46,433 6.0% 113,980 8.0%
1998 46,588 0.3%
1999 47,976 3.0%
2000 49227 2.6%
2001 50030 1.6%
2002 50833 1.6%
2003 51976 2.2%
2004 53097 2.2%
 Growth of the number of motor vehicles
In Palestine

No. of Regestered vehicles In Gaza Strip

60,000

50,000
Vehicles

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0
1 97 0

1 97 2

1 97 4

1 97 8

1 98 0

1 98 2

1 98 4

1 98 6

1 98 8

1 99 0

1 99 2

1 99 4

1 99 6

1 99 8

2 00 0

2 00 2

2 00 4
1 976

Year
Chapter 2

Transportation Systems
and Organizations
Introduction

Chapter 2
Transportation System & Organization
Developing a Transportation System

Models of Transportation

Transportation Organization
Chapter 1
The Profession of Transportation (Review)

Discussion:
Percentage of land consumed for
transportation
No. of registered vehicles in Gaza Strip in
2010
Transportation and Economic Growth
Social costs and benefits of transportation