Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
1
 Can he pass through the
river without getting wet
on his foot ?

DEFLECTION is a SERVICEABILITY CONCERN

2
Before 60s
* Concrete with fc approximately 10.5 - 21 MPa, and reinforcement with
fy 230 - 280 MPa were predominant. The use of these materials with
conservative allowable stress, along with the straightline working stress
method, resulted in large stiff sections having small deflection.
* Ordinary reinforced concrete design involved little concern for deflections.

Today
* The common use of 400 MPa yield strength steel and of concrete with
fc 20 - 63 MPa permits smaller sections than those resulting from the
use of lower strength.
* The permissible deflection is governed by the serviceability requirement.
3
* Both the short-time (instantaneous or immediate) and the long-time
effects must be considered in deflection consideration.
Where :
total = total deflection
total = (i) + (cs) (i) = immediate (short-time) deflection
(cs) = deflection due to creep and shrinkage
( = long-time deflection)

* The acceptable deflection depends on :

- the type of building (warehouse, school, factory, residence, etc.)
- the presence of plastered ceilings
- the type and arrangement of partitions
- the sensitivity of equipment to deflection
- the magnitude and duration of live load.

* The general concepts dealt with in this topics are applicable to both
one-way (beams and slabs) and two-way systems. 4
For One-Way Structures :
A. MINIMUM DEPTH (hmin)

B. CONTROLED BY ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION

For Two-Way Structures :

A. MINIMUM DEPTH (hmin)

5
1. ONE-WAY STRUCTURES
The minimum depth (hmin) of one-way structures is defined as :
SNI Table 3.2.5(a)

fy 400 240 400 240 400 240 400 240

Slab L/20 L/27 L/24 L/32 L/28 L/37 L10 L/13

Beam L16 L/21 L/18.5 L/24.5 L/21 L/28 L/8 L/11 Go to example

For those structures whose depth greater than the above requirement,
its deflection were not to be check.

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 - Contd.

2. TWO-WAY STRUCTURES
The minimum depth (hmin) of slab without interior beam :
SNI 3.2.5 (c)
Yield Without Drop Panel With Drop Panel
stress Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
fy Panel Panel Panel Panel
(MPa) Exterior Beam Exterior Beam
Yes No Yes No
300 L/33 L/36 L/36 L/36 L/36 L/40

400 L/30 L/33 L/33 L/33 L/36 L/36

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2. TWO-WAY STRUCTURES - Contd.
The minimum depth (hmin) of slab with interior beam :
fy
Ln ( 0.8 + 1500 )
hmin = . SNI 3.2.3.(3)
1
36 + 5 [ m - 0.12 ( 1 + )]

But may not be smaller than : And need not to be greater than :
fy fy
Ln ( 0.8 + ) Ln ( 0.8 + 1500 )
1500
h= h =
36 + 9 36

In all cases, the minimum depth of slab may not less than :
* 120 mm for m < 2.0
* 90 mm for m 2.0

Where :
Ecb bw h 3
= relative stiffness ratio of beam and slab
= Ecs L hf f
m = average of
f = constant from Graphic 2.6 or 2.7 8
 2.5
2.4 hf b/h = 0.4
2.3

h
2.2
b L = span length
2.1 0.6

2.0 Ecb b h 3
= E L hf
0.8
cs
1.9
b/h = 1.0
1.8
f 1.7
1.2
1.4
1.6 1.6

1.5 2.0
2.4
1.4
3.0
1.3
5.0
1.2
10.0
1.1
20.0
1.0
1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
h / hf

Graphic 2.6 Go to example

9
 2.8
hf
b/h = 0.4
2.7
h
2.6 0.5
b
2.5 0.6
L = span length
2.4 Ecb b h 3
= E 0.8
2.3 cs L hf
b/h = 1.0
2.2
2.1
f 1.2
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.8 2.0

1.7 2.5
3
1.6
1.5 b/h = 4

1.4 5

1.3 7

1.2 10

1.1 20

1.0
1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
h / hf
10
Graphic 2.7
 Where :
i = instantaneous/ immediately deflections
(i) = K 5 M L 2
L = span length
48 EcIe K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc MPa
COEFFICIENT K
Mo
2.0 Mo
1.2 - 0.2
Mm
Mm
1.0
0.8 midspan
0.6 0.74 max

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 DEFLECTION FOR ELASTIC SECTIONS

w M L2
max = a
E Ic
Ma Mb
L
Where :
Ms w L2 max = maximum deflection in an elastic
Mo = 8 member
+ M = bending moment
- Constant I - L = span length
Ma E = modulus of elasticity
Mb Ic = moment of inertia of section
L/2 L/2 a = a coefficient that depends on the
degree of fixity at supports, the
variation in moment of inertia along
the span, and the distribution of
loading.
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Component conjugate beams
M0 The total midspan deflections, m is :
EI
5 M0 L2
+ Due to uniform load : s =
48 EI

L/2 Due to left/right end moment :

- M(a or b) L2
L a = b = 16 EI
Ma
EI
- m = s + a + b
L2
= [ 5M0 - 3 (Ma + Mb)]
48 EI
Mb
- EI
and, Ms = M0 - (Ma + Mb),

5 L2 1
then : m = Ms - (Ma + Mb)
48 EI 10
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MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

fc * For homogeneous material :

E = tg E in tension E in compression

* In a reinforced concrete :
- Creep affects the E in compression zone
- Crack affects the E in tension zone

* In both tension and compression zone, E varies not only with the
magnitude of stress from top to bottom at a section but also along
the span.

* Further, creep and shrinkage over a period of time effectively reduce E

and will generally magnify deflections by a factor of two or three.
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MOMENT OF INERTIA
A
C B

A B
C
- -
+

Section A-A Section B-B Section C-C

Effective moment of inertia for continuous T-shaped sections
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 EcI EcI based on gross section plus
transformed area of reinforcement

EcI based on cracked

transformed section
0.2 Mu Mu

Typical variation of flexural rigidity with applied bending moment

Load
Service load
Computed deflection based on transformed cracked section
Computed deflection using gross I
Actual deflection
Cracking load

Deflection
Typical variation of flexural rigidity with applied bending moment16
EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA
In order to provide a smooth transition between the moment of inertia Icr
of the transformed cracked section and the moment of inertia Ig of the gross
uncracked concrete section.

3 3 (Graphic Deflection 4.1

Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 - Icr Ig or Graphic 9.5 -
Mmax Mmax CUR Part IV)

Where :
Mcr = frIg/yt = cracking moment (Table Deflection 2.1 : notation C2 or Graphic 9.3.a -
CUR Part IV)
Mmax = maximum service load moment acting at the condition under which deflection
is computed
Ig = moment of inertia of gross uncracked concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement
Icr = moment of inertia of transformed cracked section (Graphic Deflection 3.1 or
3.2 or Graphic 9.4.a-d - CUR Part IV)
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, taken as 0.7 fc MPa
yt = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber of concrete in tension 17
AVERAGE EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA for PRACTICAL USE
For spans with both ends continuous,
1 m 2
(Ie1 + Ie2) + Im
Ie avg =
2

For span with one ends continuous,

m 1
Ie avg = 0.85 Im + 0.15 Ie1

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 Where :
cs = deflections due to creep & shrinkage
5 M L2 (= long-time deflection)
(cs) = K
48 EcIe L = span length
K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc Mpa
= = 2.0 (for 5 years or more)
1 + 50
= 1.4 (for 12 months)
= 1.2 (for 6 months)
= 1.0 (for 3 months)
= compression reinforcement ratio = As/bd

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 Where :
total = (i) + (cs) total = total deflections
(i) = immediately deflections
= short-time deflections
total < allowable (cs) = deflection due to creep & shrinkage
= long-time deflections
allowable = allowable deflection SNI Table 3.2.5(b)
SNI Table 3.2.5(b) Maximum Deflection
Type of structures Load Consideration Maximum Deflection
Structures do not support and are not attached to Due to life load (i)max = L/180 (roof)
nonstructural element likely to be damaged by (i)max = L/360 (floor)
large deflection Go to example
Structures support and attached to Due to creep,
nonstructural element likely to be shrinkage and other allowable = L/480
damage due to large deflection additional live load
Structures support and attached to Due to creep,
nonstructural element likely not to be shrinkage and other allowable = L/240 20
damage due to large deflection additional live load Go to example
 DEFLECTION OF TWO-WAY STRUCTURES

Beam x-direction : 400/700

A A B Beam y-direction : 300/500
Slab depth = 140 mm

A A B Does the slab depth meet the

deflection requirement ?

A A B
x

8.00 8.00 1.50 y

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* Calculation of m
- X - direction : Graphic 2.6 :
Ecb Ecs h/hf = 700 / 140 = 5
f = 1.45
bw = 400 bw/hf = 400 / 140 = 2.86
lnx = 6000 Ecb bw h 3
h = 700 x = . L. . f = (1) (0.067) (5)3 (1.45) = 12.14
Ecs nx hf
hf = 140

- Y - direction : Graphic 2.6 :

Ecb Ecs h/hf = 500 / 140 = 3.57
bw = 300 f = 1.45
bw/hf = 300 / 140 = 2.14
lny = 8000 Ecb bw h 3
h = 500 y = . L. . f = (1) (0.04) (3.57)3 (1.45) = 2.64
Ecs nx hf
hf = 140

2 (12.14) + 2 (2.64)
m = = 7.39
4
l 8
= y = = 1.333
lx 6
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The minimum depth (hmin) of slab with interior beam :
Ln [ 0.8 + ( fy / 1500 ) ]
hmin = 36 + 5 m - 0.12 [ 1 + ( 1/ ) ]
8000 [ 0.8 + (240 / 1500) ]
=
36 + 5 (1.333) { 7.39 - 0.12 (1 + 1/1.333) }
7680
= = 92 mm
83.85

But may not to be smaller than :
Ln [ 0.8 + ( fy / 1500 ) ]
h = 36 + 9
8000 (0.8 + 240 / 1500 )
= 36 + 9 (1.333)
7680
= = 160 mm
47.99
The available slab depth = 140 mm ; so .
And need not to be greater than :
Ln [ 0.8 + ( fy / 1500 ) ]
h = 36
8000 (0.8 + 240 / 1500 )
= 36
7680
= = 213 mm
36

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 DEFLECTION OF ONE-WAY STRUCTURES
d/d = 0.15
500 / = 0.5
d = 440 mm
12.00 fc = 25 MPa
300 fy = 400 MPa
120 120
Due to 50% live load :
M+ = 150 kNm ; M- = 120 kNm
150
300 300
Due to 100% dead load + 50% live load :
M+ = 270 kNm ; M- = 300 kNm
270
Due to total ultimate load :
Mu = 380 kNm
380

a. Calculate the bending reinforcement.

b. Check the deflection
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A. Bending reinforcement design :
Mu 380
= = 6543
bd2 0.3 . (0.44)2 380

from Table 5.3.c - CUR IV found : = 0.0235 = 3102 mm2

= 0.5 x 0.0235 = 0.0118 = 551 mm2
B. Deflection Control :
hmin = L/21 = 12000 / 21 = 571 mm > available depth of beam (h = 500 mm)

The deflection must me checked !!!

1 1
Ig = b.h3 = 300 . 5003 = 3125.106 mm4
12 12
Mcr = C2 . b If using Graphic 9.3.a - CUR IV :
= 145833 . 300 Mcr = C3 . b . 103
= 43.749 kNm = 145.833 . 300 . 103 = 43.749 kNm

Icr = C4 . Igr (Graphic Deflection 3.2 or Graphic 9.4.a-d - CUR IV)

= 0.8 . 3125.106 = 0.0235 C4 = 0.8
= 2500.106 mm4 r = / = 0.5 25
d/d = 0.15
 * Short-time deflection : Analytical method
M cr
3 Mcr
3 to calculate Ie
Ie+ = Ig + 1 - Icr
Mmax Mmax
43.749 3 43.749 3
= . 0.003125 + 1 - 0.0025 = 2515.106 mm4
150 150

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Ie- = I + 1- Icr
Mmax g Mmax
43.749 3 43.749 3
= . 0.003125 + 1 - 0.0025 = 2530.106 mm4
120 120

Ie1- + Ie2-
Ie(avg) = 0.5 Im+ + 0.5 2 = 0.5 (2515.106) + 0.5 (2530.106) = 2523.106 mm4
120 120
5 M . l2 Ec = 4700 25
(i) = K .
48 Ec . Ie = 23500
= 0.84 . 5 150.10 . 12000
6 2 150
Mo
48 23500 . 2523.106 K = 1.2 - 0.2 = 1.2 - 0.2 270 = 0.84
Mm 150
= 32 mm
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(i) max = l/360 = 12000 / 360 = 33.33 mm > (i) OK !!
* Long-time Deflection :
Ie found by Graphic Deflection 4.1 or Graphic 9.5 - CUR IV
Mcr 43.749
Ie+ = Mmax = 270 = 0.162 C5 = 0.8
Icr 2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8
Ie+ = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4
M 43.749
Ie- = Mcr = 300 = 0.145
a C5 = 0.8
Icr 2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8
Ie- = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4

2
2 (for 5 th) ; = = = 1.26
1 + 50 1 + 50 . 0.0118
300 300
570
K = 1.2 - 0.2 270
= 0.78
270 27
(cs) = . s
5 M . l2
= .K.
48 Ec . Ie
5 270.106 . 120002
= 1.26 . 0.78 .
48 25000 . 2500.106
= 64 mm

total = (i) + (cs)

= 32 + 64 = 96 mm

max = L/240 = 12000 / 240 total > max

= 50 mm

depth of beam (h) must be added !!

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Table 9.3 - CUR IV
Table for determination of Mcr = C3 . 103 . b Nmm
h fc in MPa
mm 15 20 25 30 35
100 4,52 5,22 5,83 6,39 6,90
120 6,51 7,51 8,40 9,20 9,94
140 8,86 10,23 11,43 12,52 13,53
150 10,17 11,74 13,12 14,38 15,53
160 11,57 13,36 14,93 16,36 17,67
170 14,64 16,91 18,90 20,70 22,36
200 18,07 20,87 23,33 30,93 33,41
220 26,03 30,05 33,60 36,01 39,76
250 28,24 32,61 35,46 39,94 43,14
300 40,67 46,96 52,50 57,51 62,12
350 55,35 63,91 71,46 78,28 84,55
400 72,30 83,48 93,33 102,24 110,43
450 91,50 105,65 118,12 129,40 139,77
500 112,96 130,44 145,83 159,75 172,55 Go to example
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Graphic Deflection 3.2 or Graphic 9.4a-d - CUR IV

2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0 2.6
C4 0.8 2.4
0.6
d/d = 0.15 2.2
0.4 2.0
0.2 1.8
0.0 1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
d/d = 0.20 0.2
0.0

Go to example
fc = 25

= 0.0235
30
Graphic Deflection 4.1 or Graphic 9.5 - CUR IV
1.0

0.9 0.9

0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
C5 0.5
0.5

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
Ic/Ig = 0 Go to example
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Mcr/Ma 31