STATISTICS

Dr. dr. Siswanto, MSc.

 DEFINITION

Statistics is body of technique and procedures

dealing with the collection, organization,
analysis, interpretation and presentation of
information that can be stated numerically.
 DEFINITION
Statistics consists of a body of methods for
collecting and analyzing data. (Agresti &
Finlay, 1997)
From above, it should be clear that statistics is
much more than just the tabulation of
numbers and the graphical presentation of
these tabulated numbers.
Statistics is the science of gaining information
from numerical and categorical
The statistics has several meanings. It is
frequently used to refer to recorded data
such as the number traffic accident or
number of patients visiting clinic etc.

Use to Calculate for set of data such as

mean, standard deviation etc
Statistical methods can be used to find answers to the
questions like:
What kind and how much data need to be collected?
How should we organize and summarize the data?
How can we analyse the data and draw conclusions
from it?
How can we assess the strength of the conclusions and
evaluate their uncertainty?
 DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics consists of
the collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data.
Inferential statistics consists of
generalizing from samples to populations, performing
estimations and hypothesis tests, determining
relationships among variables, and making predictions
(parametric and non-parametric statistics)
Example Descriptive statistics
Example Descriptive statistics
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 A variable is a
characteristic of the
thing you are studying
or observing
Length of

Weight of
Variables are characteristics that can
Number of Amount of
be measured or categorized

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What is the variable
if you are studying
the birth weight of
dolphins?
birthweight

Dolphins are
the subjects

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 Ratio
Numeric
Interval
Variable
Scale
Nominal
Categorical
Ordinal
Nominal variable

Variables that are named, i.e. classified into one

or more qualitative categories that describe the
characteristic of interest

no ordering of the different categories

no measure of distance between
values

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Nominal variable

In medicine, nominal variables are often used to describe the

patient. Examples of nominal variables might include:
Gender (male, female)
Eye color (blue, brown, green, hazel)
Surgical outcome (dead, alive)
Blood type (A, B, AB, O)

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Ordinal variable

Variables that have an inherent order to the

relationship among the different categories

an implied ordering of the categories

(levels)
quantitative distance between levels is
unknown
distances between the levels may not be
the same

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Ordinal variable

In medicine, ordinal variables often describe the patients

characteristics, attitude, behavior, or status. Examples of ordinal
variables might include:

Stage of cancer (stage I, II, III, IV)

Education level (elementary, secondary, college)
Pain level (mild, moderate, severe)
Satisfaction level (very dissatisfied, dissatisfied,
neutral, satisfied, very satisfied)
Agreement level (strongly disagree, disagree,
neutral, agree, strongly agree)

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Numeric variable

Variables have equal intervals between values,

the zero point is meaningful, and the numerical
relationships between numbers is meaningful.
Examples of ratio variables:

Weight (50 kilos, 100 kilos, 150 kilos, etc.)

Pulse rate
Respiratory rate

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 Level of measurement
Higher level variables can always be expressed at a
lower level, but the reverse is not true.
For example, Body Mass Index (BMI) is typically
measured at an interval-level such as 23.4.
BMI can be collapsed into lower-level Ordinal
categories such as: (ordinal)
>30: Obese
25-29.9: Overweight
<25: Underweight

or Nominal categories such as: (nominal)

Overweight
Not overweight

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TERIMA KASIH

Thanks and See You .