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Web Class - 6 - Final
Web Class - 6 - Final
1
Figure 6-1. Thin Walled Pressure Vessels
P pDL pD
st (A6.3)
A 2 Lt 2t
or
pr
st (A6.4)
t
where r is the radius of the vessel.
4
For the case of the thin-walled cylinders, where r/t 10,
Eq. 6-4 describes the hoop stress at all locations through
the wall thickness. The vessel can be considered as thick
walled cylinder.
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Figure 6-1c
D p2
P (A6.5)
4 6
The cross-sectional area of the cylinder wall is
characterized by the product of its wall thickness and
the mean circumference.
i.e., D t t
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Generalized Hookes Law
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A complete description of
the general state of stress
at a point consists of:
normal stresses in three
directions, sx (or s11),
sy (or s22) and sz (or
s33),
shear stresses on three
planes, x (or s12 ...),
y (or s23 ..), and z
Figure 6-1. (or s31 ...).
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The stress, sx in the x-direction produces 3 strains:
longitudinal strain (extension) along the x-axis of:
sx
x (6.7)
E
transverse strains (contraction) along the y and z -axes,
which are related to the Poissons ratio:
s x
y z x (6.8)
E
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Properties of
Absolute values of are used in calculations.
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In order to determine the total strain produced along a
particular direction, we can apply the principle of
superposition.
For Example, the resultant strain along the x-axis,
comes from the strain contribution due to the
application of sx, sy and sz.
sx causes: sx in the x-direction
E
s y
sy causes: in the x-direction
E
s z
sz causes: in the x-direction
E
Applying the principle of superposition (x-axis):
x s x (s y s z )
1
(6.9a)
E 13
The situation can be summarized by the following table:
x s x vs y s z
1
E
y s y vs z s x
1 (6.9)
E
z s z vs x s y
1
E
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The shearing stresses acting on the unit cube produce shearing
strains.
xy G xy
yz G yz (6.10)
xz G xz
The proportionality constant G is the modulus of elasticity in
shear, or the modulus of rigidity. Values of G are usually
determined from a torsion test. See Table 6-2.
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Table 6-2 Typical Room-Temperature values of elastic constants for
isotropic materials.
_______________________________________________________
Modulus of Shear
Elasticity, ModulusPoissons
Material 10^-6 psi (GPa) 10^-6 psi (GPa) ratio,
_______________________________________________________
Aluminum alloys 10.5(72.4) 4.0(27.5) 0.31
Copper 16.0(110) 6.0(41.4) 0.33
Steel(plain carbon
and low-alloy) 29.0(200) 11.0(75.8) 0.33
Stainless Steel 28.0(193) 9.5(65.6) 0.28
Titanium 17.0(117) 6.5(44.8) 0.31
Tungsten 58.0(400) 22.8(157) 0.27
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The volume strain , or cubical dilation, is the change in
volume per unit volume.
sm p 1
K (6.11)
Where -p is the hydrostatic pressure, and is the compressibility.
E
G (6.13)
21 v
20
Equations 6-9 and 6-10 can be expressed in tensor
notation as one equation:
1
ij s ij s kk ij *(6.14)
E E
Example, if i = j = x,
1
xx s xx s xx s yy s zz 1
E E
s xx s yy s zz
1
xx
E
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If i = x and j = y,
1
xy xy s kk 0
E E
Therefore,
1
xy xy
G
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Special Cases
Plane Stress (s3 = 0): This exists typically in:
a thin sheet loaded in the plane of the sheet, or
a thin wall tube loaded by internal pressure where there
is no stress normal to a free surface.
Therefore, 1 2
1 2 s1
E
E
s1 2
Then, 1 2 1
Similarly ,
(6.17)
E
s2 1
1 2 2
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Plane Strain (3 = 0): This occurs typically when
One dimension is much greater than the other two
Examples are a long rod or a cylinder with restrained ends.
Recall Eqs. 6-9,
1
3 s 3 s 1 s 2 0 (6.18)
E
but
s 3 s 1 s 2 (6.19)
This shows that a stress exists along direction-3 (z-axis)
even though the strain is zero.
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Substitute Eqs. 6-18 and 6-19 into Eq. 6-9, we have
1
1
E
1 2 s 1 1 s 2
2
1
E
1 2 s 2 1 s 1
3 0
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Example 1
A steel specimen is subjected to elastic stresses
represented by the matrix
2 3 1
s ij 3 4 5 MPa
1 1
5
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Solution
Invoke Hookes Law, Eqs. 6-9 and 6-10. Use the values of
E, G and for steel in Table 6-2
x
1
E
s x s y s z
y
1
E
s y s x s z
z
1
E
s z s x s y
xy G xy yz G yz xz G xz
Substitute values of E, G and into the above equations.
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Example 2
A sample of material subjected to a compressive stress sz is
confined so that it cannot deform in the y-dir., but
deformation is permitted in the x-dir. Assume that the
material is isotropic and exhibits linear-elastic behavior.
Determine the following in terms of sz and the elastic
constant of the material:
(a) The stress that develops in the y-dir.
(b) The strain in the z-dir.
(c) The strain in the x-dir.
(d) The stiffness E = sz / z in the z-dir. Is this apparent
modulus equal to the elastic modulus E from the uniaxial test
on the material? Why or why not?
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Solution
Invoke Hookes Law, Eq. 6-9
The situation posed requires that - y = 0, sx = 0.
We also treat sz as a known quantity.
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(b) The stress in the z-direction is obtained by substituting sy
into Eq. 6-9. 1
z s z 0 s z
E
1 2
z sz
E
(c) The strain in the x-direction is given by Eq. 6-9, with sy
from above substituted.
1
x 0 s z s z
E
1
x sz
E
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(d) The apparent stiffness in the z-direction is obtained
immediately from the equation for z.
sz E
E '
1.10 E
z 1 2
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Solution
Let, = Poissons ratio
E = Youngs Modulus,
Loading Direction 1
Transverse Direction 2
No stress normal to the free surface, s3 = 0
Although the applied stress is uniaxial, the constraint on
contraction in direction 2 results in a stress in direction 2.
E
s E
' 1
1 1 2
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Attach a coordinate system to the surface of the pressure vessel as
shown below, such that the z-axis is normal to the surface.
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The ratio of radius to thickness, r/t, is such that it is reasonable to
employ the thinwalled tube assumption, and the resulting stress
equations A6-1 to A6-6.
Denoting the pressure as p, we have
pr (2MPa )(1500mm)
sx 300MPa
2t 2(5mm)
pr (2MPa )(1500mm)
sy 600MPa
t 5mm
The value of s z varies from -p on the inside wall to zero on the
outside, and for a thinwalled tube is everywhere sufficiently small
that s z 0 can be used. Substitute these stresses, and the known
E and v into Hookes Law, Eqs.6-9 and 6-10, which gives
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x 6.00 *10 4 y 2.55 *103 z 1.35 *103
Substituting the strains from above and the known dimensions gives
Thus, there are small increases in length and diameter, and a tiny
decrease in the wall thickness.
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