TEXT BOOKS:

1. Ramalingam. K.K., "Internal

Combustion Engine Fundamentals", Scitech
Publications, 2002.
2. Ganesan, "Internal Combustion
Engines", II Edition, TMH, 2002.
3. Gupta H.N, Fundamentals of Internal
Combustion Engines ,Prentice Hall of
India, 2006
 1.Mathur. R.B. and R.P. Sharma, "Internal
Combustion Engines"., Dhanpat Rai & Sons
2007.

2.
Duffy Smith, "Auto Fuel Systems", The
Good Heart Willcox Company, Inc., 1987.
3.Eric Chowenitz, "Automobile
Electronics", SAE Publications, 1995
 Airfuel mixture ratio(Mixture requirements)
Fuel injection system
-Monopoint ,multipoint injection &direct
injection
Stages of combustion in SI Engine
Normal and abnormal combustion
Knocking and Factors affecting knock
Types of combustion chamber
 Types of air fuel mixture

Air
fuel ratio requirements at different
engine speed (carburetor performance).
 Air fuel mixture
-Fuel and air are mixed to form three
different types of mixtures
1.chemically correct mixture (or
)stoichiometric mixture

2.Rich mixture

3.Lean mixture
1.chemically correct mixture (or)
stoichiometric mixture
-the mixture that contains just enough air
for complete combustion of the fuel is called a
stoichiometric mixture or chemically correct
mixture .

Example: To burn one kg of octane (C8H18)

Completely 15.12 kg of air is required.
 2.Rich mixture
A mixture which contains less air than the
chemically correct mixture is called Rich
mixture.

Ex: 12:1 ,10:1

3.Lean mixture
A mixture which contains more air than the
chemically correct mixture is called lean
mixture.

Ex: 20:1,17:1
 Forsuccessful of the engine ,the carburetor
has to provide required mixtures to the
cylinder which follow the general shape
shape of the curve ABCD as shown in fig.

There are three general ranges of throttle

operation.
1.Idling range
2.cruising range
3.High-power range
In each of these, the engine requirement
differ.
 Sincethe engine crank at very low rpm at
starting, the air flows at an extremely low
speed.

Forthis reason ,the fuel and air do not mix

well,thus requiring more fuel
 The engine is said to idle when it is operating
at no external load with the throttle almost
closed.

An ideling engine requires rich mixture as

shown by point A.

It is because of the following reasons

 Since the engine runs at low speed at
idle,the air flows at a low speed ,slowing the
mixing of fuel and air.

Slightlymore fuel supplied in to the cylinder

in order to decrease the disparity (lack of
equality of air fuel mixture) of air fuel
mixtures.
 The mass of the fresh charge induced in the
each intake stroke depends upon the
manifold pressure and throttle position
The manifold pressure and mass of the
fresh charge inducted during idling are
much less than during full throttle
operation, due to the restrictions imposed by
throttle.
 This
result larger proportion of the exhaust
gas mixed with fresh charge, under idling
conditions causing dilution of the fresh
charge.
 The presence of the exhaust gas reduces the
intimate contact of the fuel and air
particles, resulting poor combustion and
causing power loss.

Itis therefore, necessary to provide rich

mixture for better contact of air fuel mixture
and improving combustion.
 In the cruising ranges from B to C, the engine
is operating at part throttle.The objective is
to obtain the maximum fuel economy.

Most of the time, engine is running in

medium load condition, therefore, it is
desirable that the running should be most
economical in this condition. So a lean
mixture can be supplied, as engine has low
fuel consumption at medium load
 When maximum power is required, the
engine must be supplied with rich mixture
. Moreover, the excess air in the lean
mixture may cause an oxidizing action on
the hot exhaust valve and leads to failure
1.Explain the following
(i) Rich mixture (ii) stoichiometric mixture
(iii) Lean mixture

2.Briefly discuss the air fuel ratio requirements

of a petrol engine from no load to full load .

3.Explain why a rich mixture is required for the

following.
1.idiling 2.starting 3.maximum power.
A proper design of the combustion chamber
for the spark ignition engine is important as
it affects the
Engine performance,
increase knocking
Exhaust pollutants.
So the design combustion chamber involves
the following
-shape of the cylinder head
Piston crown
Location of the spark plug
Location of the inlet and exhaust valves
 High power output
- A high compression ratio
- A little rich mixture
- good turbulence
- Larger inlet valve to obtain a higher
volumetric efficiency
 Higher thermal efficiency and low fuel
consumption
- A small heat loss during combustion
A high compression ratio
Faster fuel burning process
 Smooth engine operation
- A moderate rate of pressure rise during
combustion.
Absence of knock, which turn means:
- A compact combustion chamber to reduce
the flame travel distance.
-Proper location of the sparkplug and
exhaust valve, and their cooling.
 T head
L' head
Ihead
F head
 Inthis type of cylinder head requires two
cam shaft for actuating in let valve and
exhaust valve with two cam shaft.

The distance across the combustion chamber

is very long. the spark is located near the
exhaust valve, so the flame travel distance
from spark plug to end gas increase cause
increase knocking.
 Inthis type of l head combustion chamber
the two valves are arranged side of the
piston operated by single cam shaft.
the air flow has to take two right angled
turns to enter the cylinder this causes loss of
velocity ,loss in turbulence level,resuling
slow combustion process.
 Thistype of combustion chamber has both
the inlet and exhaust valve located in the
cylinder head.

ADVANTAGES
-High volumetric efficiency
-reduced knocking
-high compression ratio
-reduced heat loss
 In this type of combustion chamber one valve
is head the other valve in the block.

ADVANTAGES
-High volumetric efficiency
-reduced knocking
-high compression ratio
-reduced heat loss
 LIMITATION
-The drawback of this design is the complex
mechanism for operation of valves and
expensive special shaped piston.
 Ignition quality of fuel
Compression ratio
Engine speed
Load
Intake pressure
Intake temperature and fuel
Swirl rate
Types of combustion chamber
 Using a better fuel

Controlling of rate of fuel supply

Knock reducing fuel injector

Increasing swirl
 Direct injection type
Shallow depth chamber
Hemispherical chamber
Cylindrical chamber
Toroidal chamber
Indirect injection type
-Turbulent chamber
Precombustion chamber
Air and energy cells
 Indirectinjection type
-Turbulent chamber
Precombustion chamber
Air and energy cells.
 The combustion chamber should provide
proper mixing of fuel and air in a short time.
In order to achieve this air movement called
air swirl is provided to produce high relative
velocity between the fuel droplets and the
air.
 Thistype combustion chamber is also called
an open type of combustion chamber. this
type the entire volume of combustion
chamber is located in the main cylinder and
the fuel is injected into this volume.
 Inshallow depth chamber the depth of the
cavity provided in the piston is quite small.

Thischamber is usually adopted for large

engines running at low speeds.

Since the cavity diameter is very large so

squish is negligible.
 Thistype of combustion chamber gives small
squish.so the depth to diameter ratio for a
cylindrical chamber can be varied to give any
desired squish to give better performance.
 Thistype of cylindrical chamber in the form
of a truncated cone with base angle of 30.

This
design was attempted in recent diesel
engines.

Squish can also be varied by varying the

depth.
 Thistype of combustion chamber is to
provide a powerful squish along with the air
movement ,similar to that of the familiar
smoke ring,Within the toroidal chamber.
 Minimum heat loss during compression
because of lower surface area to volume
ratio and hence better efficiency.

Fineatomization because of multi hole

nozzle.

Disadvantage.
-High
injection pressure is required
Complex design of fuel injection pump.