FRAME STRUCTURE

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 NORMAL BURST
Frame 1 (4.615 ms.) Frame 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577 ms.

0.546 ms.

3 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3

Guard Tail Flag Training FlagBit Data Tail Guard

Data
Period Bits Bit Sequence Bit Period

Normal Burst carries traffic channel and control channels BCCH, PCH,
AGCH, ADCH, SACCH and FACCH.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 DESCRIPTION
• Data – Two Blocks of 57 Bits each. Carries speech, data or control
information.
• Tail Bits – Used to indicate the start and end of each burst. Three bits always
000.
• Guard Period – 8.25 bits long. The receiver can only receive and decode if the
burst is received in the timeslot designated for it. Since the MS are moving.
Exact synchronization of burst is not possible practically. Hence 8.25 bits
corresponding to about 30us is available as guard period for a small margin of
error.
• Flag Bits – This bit is used to indicate if the 57 bits data block is used as
FACCH.
• Training Sequence – This is a set sequence of bits known by both the
transmitter and the receiver. When a burst of information is received the
equalizer searches for the training sequence code. The receiver measures
and then mimics the distortion which the signal has been subjected to. The
receiver then compares the received data with the distorted possible
transmitted sequence and chooses the most likely one.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 EQUALISER
The equaliser will mainly address the problems of intersymbol interference
the problem is that the air interface affects the signal in some way that
causes bit error on the receiving side. If it was known in which way the
signals were affected, the system could take measures to correct the errors.

In a normal burst, used for traffic there is a 26 bit training sequence in the
middle of the burst. The bit pattern in this training sequence is known to
the system. By analysing it the system will know what the air interface
looks like and how it is affecting the signal sent.

By analysing the training sequence a channel model can be built. This

channel model is like a filter affecting the transmitted bits in the same
manner that the air interface is affecting them. By running different bit
patterns through the channel model and comparing the resulting signal
with what was actually received, the system can reach a conclusion as
to what was actually sent.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 SYNCHRONIZATION BURST
Frame 1 (4.615 ms.) Frame 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577 ms.

0.546 ms.

3 39 bits 64 bits 39 bits 3

Guard Tail Encrypted Synchronization Encrypted Tail Guard
Period Bits Bits Sequence Bits Bit Period

• Carries SCH channel

• Enables MS to synchronize its timings with the BTS.
• Contains BSIC and TDMA Frame number.
Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar
 FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST
Frame 1 (4.615 ms.) Frame 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577 ms.

0.546 ms.

3 142 bits 3
Guard Tail Fixed Data Tail Guard
Period Bits Bit Period

• Carries FCCH channel

• Made up of 142 consecutive zeros.
• Enables MS to correct its local oscillator locking it to that of the BTS.
Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar
 ACCESS BURST
Frame 1 (4.615 ms.) Frame 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0.577 ms.

8 41 bits 36 bits 3 68.25 bits

Tail Synchronization Encrypted Tail Guard
Bits Sequence Bits Bits Period

• Carries RACH
• Has a bigger guard period since it is used during initial access and the MS.
does not know how far it is actually from the BTS.
Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar
 DUMMY BURST
Frame 1 (4.615 ms.) Frame 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577 ms.

0.546 ms.

3 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3

Guard Tail Flag Training FlagBit Tail Guard

Period Bit Data Period
Bits Data Sequence Bit

Transmitted on the timeslot of the BCCH carrier in the downlink.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 HYPERFRAME AND SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE
3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms 1 Hyper frame = 2048 super frames = 2,715,648 TDMA frames

0 1 2 2045 2046 2047

6.12s 1 Super frame = 1362 TDMA frames = 51(26fr) or 26(51fr) multiframes

0 1 2 3 47 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
120 ms 235.38 ms

0 1 2 23 24 25 0 1 2 48 49 50
Traffic 26 frame multiframe Control 51 frame multiframe
4.615 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TDMA Frame

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 NEED FOR TIMESLOT OFFSET
BSS Downlink

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

MS Uplink

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

If Uplink and Downlink are aligned exactly, then MS will have to transmit
And receive at the same time. To overcome this problem a offset of 3
Timeslot is provided between downlink and uplink.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 NEED FOR TIMESLOT OFFSET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
BSS Downlink

5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5
MS Uplink 3 Timeslot
offset

As seen the MS does not have to transmit and receive at the same time
This simplifies the MS design which can now use only one synthesizer.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar

 26 FRAME MULTIFRAME STRUCTURE
4.615 ms.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T T
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
120 ms.

•MS on dedicated mode on a TCH uses a 26 - frame multiframe structure.

•Frame 0 - 11 and 13 - 24 used to carry traffic.
•Frame 12 used as SACCH to carry control information from and to MS
To BTS.
•Frame 25 is idle and is used by mobile to decode the BSIC of neighbour
cells.

Aster RNPD Prepared by Sumit Kumar