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Flexural Analysis1
Flexural Analysis1
DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS
ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR
Plane section remains plane after bending. (strain
variation)
There exist a perfect bond between concrete and
steel (strain in steel & surrounding concrete)
Concrete stress is proportional to strain only under
low and moderate loads ( stress ≤ 0.5f’c) – (thereafter
stress distribution is?)
After the appearance of first hairline or visible crack,
the concrete strength in tension is neglected
Concrete is assumed to be crushed at strain of 0.003
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS
The external forces acting at any cross section are
balanced by the internal resistive forces. This
condition remains valid up to failure of structure
Steel is assumed to be uniformly strained at the level
of centroid of steel
If strain in steel in steel is less than the yield strain,
stress in steel is Esɛs . For stress greater than Fy, the
stress will be considered independent of strain and
equal to Fy.
NOTATIONS
As = Area of steel on tension side
b = width of compression face of the beam
d = Distance of centroid of tension steel from
extreme compression fibre
h = total depth of member
f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete
fc = Allowable stress in concrete, f’c/FOS
fy = Yield strength of steel
fs = Allowable stress in steel, fy/FOS
jd = lever arm between comp and tensile force
kd = depth of neutral axis from extreme comp fibre
ϵc .ϵs =Strain in concrete / steel ϵcu =0.003
ρ = steel ratio =As/bd
Cc/T = Resultant compressive /tensile force
f = tensile stress in concrete ≤ f
BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
Limitations of Plain Concrete Beam
Consider the reinforced concrete beam shown in fig. 3.2 (a).
When the load on such a beam is gradually Increased from
zero to the magnitude that will cause the beam to fail,
several different stages of behaviour can be clearly
distinguished.
At low loads, as long as the maximum tensile stress in
concrete is smaller than the modulus of rupture, the entire
concrete is effective in resisting stresses, in compression on
one side and in tension on the other. In addition, the
reinforcement, deforming the same amount as the adjacent
concrete is also subject to tensile stresses. At this stage, all
stresses are small and proportional to strain
Stress in steel compared to stress in concrete
Fig. 3.2 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam under Increasing Loads
When the load is further increased, the tensile strength of
concrete is soon reached and tension cracks develop. These
cracks propagate upwards or close to the level of neutral plane,
which in turn shifts upward with progressive cracking. The general
shape and distribution of these tension cracks is shown in fig. 3.2
(d).
The width of these cracks is very small (hair line cracks) and not
objectionable from view point or appearance. At a cracked
section, say at section a-a the concrete does not transmit any
tensile stress and the steel is called upon to resist entire tension.
At moderate loads, if the concrete stress does not exceed approx
f’c/2, the stress and strain continue to be closely proportional.
Stress distribution
Fig. 3.2 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam under Increasing Loads
When the load is still further increased, the stress
and strain rise correspondingly and are no longer
proportional. The nonlinear relation between
stresses and strains is that given by the concrete
stress strain curve
When the load carrying capacity of the beam is
reached, failure can be caused in one of the two
ways
(Can you guess these two modes of failure?)
Failure Mode -1:
If relatively moderate amount of steel is used, at
some value of load, the steel will reach its yield
point. At that stress, the reinforcement yields suddenly
and stretches a large amount ( see stress strain curve
of steel) and the tension cracks in the concrete widen
visibly and propagate upward, with simultaneous
significant deflection of beam. When this happens, the
strain in the remaining compression zone of the
concrete increase to such a degree that crushing of
concrete occurs causing “secondary compression
failure” at a load only slightly larger than that which
caused the steel to yield. Such yield failure is gradual
and is preceded by visible sign of distress, such as
widening and lengthening of cracks and marked
increase in deflection.
Failure Mode -2:
If large amount of reinforcement is used, the
compressive strength of concrete may be exhausted
before steel starts yielding. Concrete will fail by
crushing when strain becomes large enough to
disrupt the integrity of concrete – normally in the
range of 0.003 - 0.004. Compression failure of
concrete is sudden, of an almost explosive nature
and without warning.
(Which failure mode is preferred and why?)
Stresses Elastic and Section uncracked
As long as tensile stresses in the concrete beam is smaller
than modulus of rupture, no tension crack develops and
stress strain distribution is as in elastic homogeneous beam.
The only difference is the presence of another material, i.e.
the steel reinforcement
For equal strain in steel and surrounding concrete the
following can be written:
ϵs = ϵc
fs/Es = fc/Ec
fs = (Es/Ec).fc = n.fc
This means that, before cracking of concrete, the steel stress
is equal to the stress in adjoining concrete multiplied by the
modular ratio. If steel area is to be replaced with an
equivalent concrete area, an additional concrete area equal
to (n-1)As is to be used.
One can take account of this fact in calculation by
replacing the actual steel and concrete cross
section with a fictitious section thought of as
consisting of concrete only and is called as
“transformed section”. In this “transformed section”
the actual area of steel is replaced with an
equivalent concrete area equal to n.As located at
the level of the steel. Fig.3.3 shows the uncracked
transformed area of the beam.
Once transformed section is obtained, the usual
method of analysis of elastic homogeneous beam
apply. The section properties like location of neutral
axis, moment of inertia, section modulus are
calculated and stresses are computed as usual.
Fig. 3.3 Uncracked Transformed Section
EXAMPLE-1
EXAMPLE-1
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a
width b = 10”, total depth, h = 25” and effective
depth d = 23”. It is reinforced with 3#8 bars on the
tension side. f’c= 4000 psi, fy = 60000 psi.
Assuming the section as uncracked, determine the
stresses caused by a bending moment of 45 kip ft.
b =10”
d = 23” h = 25”
3# 8
● ● ●
STRESSES ELASTIC AND SECTION CRACKED
Tensile stress fct exceeds the modulus of rupture –
cracks formed
If the concrete compressive stress is less than
approx ½f’c and the steel stress has not reached
the yield point (materials behave?)
This situation generally occurs in structures under
normal service condition/loads
Stresses and strain be computed from transformed section
d = 23” h = 25”
3# 8
● ● ●
Comparison of Result of Example 1 and 2
Wall
0.866 ℓ
60oo
60 60oo
60
ℓ
EXAMPLE
A simply supported reinforced concrete
rectangular beam has a clear span of 24 ft and is
supported on 9 inch thick brick masonry wall as
shown in figure. It carries a brick tile roof weighing
130 psf. Service live load = 60 psf. f’c=3000 psi and
fy = 40,000 psi. Design the interior beam B-1 for
flexure only.
3 @ 10 ft
LINE PLAN
Brick Tile Roof