Fundamentals of Image

Processing
Lect # 3
Sensor assembly for image
acquisition

Increase selectivity

The three principal arrangements of the sensors: single

sensor, line sensor and array sensor
 Single
sensor

Line
sensor
Digital Image
Representation
� f (0,0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N - 1) �
� f (1,0) f (1,1) ... f (1, N - 1) �
f ( x, y ) = � �
� ... ... ... ... �
� �
�f ( M - 1, 0) f ( M - 1,1) ... f ( M - 1, N - 1) �

Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k

The number b of bits required to store a M ×

N digitized image is, b = M × N × k
Grayscale image as a
function
Spatial and Gray-level
Resolution
Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible detail
in an image; depends upon sampling
Spatial resolution: smallest number of discernible
line pairs per unit distance, where line pair consists
of one line of width W and its adjacent space of
same width such that, the width of a line pair is 2W.
Gray-level resolution: smallest discernible
change in gray level
Due to hardware considerations, the number of
gray levels is usually an integer power of 2
An L-level digital image of size M X N has a spatial
resolution of M*N pixels and a gray-level resolution
of L levels
Spatial resolution

128 64

256

512
Gray-levels represented with 8 bits for
spatial resolution.
1024
Sub-sampling done by deleting
appropriate number of rows and
columns.

Number of gray levels allowed = 256

Spatial resolution

1024 512 256

64
128
Gray level resolution
 False
contouring Gray level resolution

Number of allowed gray-levels reduced => reduced number of bits

required.
Number of bits required
Relation between N and k

For images with

a large amount
of detail only a
few gray levels
may be needed
Zooming and shrinking
Zooming = oversampling
◦ Needs 2 steps:
1. Create new pixel location.
2. Assign gray level to it.
Shrinking= undersampling =
removal of rows and columns
Example
Zooming:
Nearest neighbor
interpolation

8X8 10 X 10
Zooming: other methods
1. pixel replication
2. Bilinear interpolation