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Anatomy Test 1 Review
Anatomy Test 1 Review
The Human
Body: An
Orientation
Tissue:
The Living
Fabric
2. Epithelial
1. Covering and Lining Epithelia
2. Glandular Epithelia
3. Muscle
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
4. Nervous
Types of Connective Tissues
• Highly vascularized
• Three types of muscle tissues:
– Skeletal muscle
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscle
Muscles and
Muscle Tissue
Nerve
Motor neuron
cell body
Motor neuron
axon
Muscle
Muscle
fibers
Thin filament
One sarcomere
4 Contraction begins:
Myosin binding to actin
forms cross bridges and
Myosin contraction (cross bridge
cross cycling) begins. At this
One myofibril bridge point, E-C coupling is over.
The aftermath
When the muscle AP ceases, the voltage-sensitive tubule proteins return to their
original shape, closing the Ca2+ release channels of the SR. Ca2+ levels in the
sarcoplasm fall as Ca2+ is continually pumped back into the SR by active
transport. Without Ca2+, the blocking action of tropomyosin is restored,
myosin-actin interaction is inhibited, and relaxation occurs. Each time an AP
arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the sequence of E-C coupling is repeated.
ADP
Myosin
cross bridge Pi
Thick filament
Myosin
ADP
ADP
Pi
ATP Pi
hydrolysis
In the absence
of ATP, myosin
heads will not
detach, causing
rigor mortis.
ATP ATP
*This cycle will continue as long as ATP is 3 Cross bridge detachment. After ATP
available and Ca2+ is bound to troponin. If attaches to myosin, the link between myosin
ATP is not available, the cycle stops between and actin weakens, and the myosin head
steps 2 and 3 . detaches (the cross bridge “breaks”).
The
Integumentary
System
Hair shaft
Epidermis
Sweat pore
Appendages of skin
Dermis • Eccrine sweat gland
• Arrector pili muscle
• Sebaceous (oil) gland
• Hair follicle
Hypodermis
Nervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber Adipose tissue
• Skin is a barrier
• Its main functions include:
– Protection
– Body temperature regulation
– Cutaneous sensations
– Metabolic functions
– Blood reservoir
– Excretion of wastes
Diagram
Photomicrograh
Keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead
cells, essentially flat membranous sacs
filled with keratin.
Stratum granulosum
Typically one to five layers of flattened
cells, organelles deteriorating
Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by
desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles
of intermediate filaments made of
pre-keratin.
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively
mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells
become part of the more superficial layers.
See occasional melanocytes and dendritic Dermis
cells.
Bones and
Skeletal
Tissue
Epiglottis
Cartilage in Thyroid Larynx
Cartilages in cartilage
external ear nose
Cricoid
Articular Trachea
cartilage
cartilage Lung
of a joint
Costal
Cartilage in cartilage
intervertebral
disc
Respiratory
tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
Flat bone
(sternum)
Long bone
(humerus)
Spongy bone
Compact
bone
Trabeculae of
spongy bone
Articular
cartilage
Proximal
epiphysis
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal
line
Periosteum
Compact bone
Medullary
cavity (lined
by endosteum)
Diaphysis
Distal
epiphysis
Central
canal
Osteon
Circumferential
lamellae
Nerve
Vein
Artery Lamellae
Central
Canaliculi canal
Osteocyte Lacunae
in a lacuna
Interstitial lamella Lacuna (with osteocyte)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.6 A single osteon.
Artery with
capillaries
Structures
in the Vein
central Nerve fiber
canal
Lamellae
Collagen
fibers
run in
different
directions
Twisting
force
• Inorganic components
– Mineral salts makeup 65% of bone by mass
• Consist mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in
and around collagen fibers
• Responsible for hardness and resistance to
compression
1. Hormonal controls
• Negative feedback loop that controls blood Ca2+ levels
Joints
Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone
edges interlock. Found only in
the skull.
Suture
line
Fibrous
connective
tissue
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length,
but is longer than in sutures.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
Root of
tooth
Periodontal
ligament
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cartilaginous Joints
Two types
– Synchondroses
– Symphyses
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary Joint between
hyaline cartilage first rib and
joint) sternum
(immovable)
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral disc
(sandwiched between Pubic symphysis
hyaline cartilage)
meniscus
fat pad
Articular
cartilage
Tendon
sheath
Synovial
membrane
Tendon Fibrous
layer
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process
View Ethmoid
bone
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Superior view of the skull
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Anterior view
Articular disc
Mandibular
fossa
Articular
capsule
Synovial
membranes
Inferior joint
cavity
Frontal Epicranius
belly
Corrugator
supercilii Occipital
Orbicularis oculi belly
Levator labii
superioris Temporalis
Zygomaticus
minor and major
Buccinator Masseter
Risorius
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis Trapezius
Depressor
labii inferioris Splenius
capitis
Depressor anguli
oris
Platysma
Figure 10.7 Muscles used in facial
expressions.
Frontal belly of
Corrugator supercilii Orbicularis oculi epicranius (raised
(angry eyebrows) (blink) eyebrows/wrinkled forehead)
Table 10.2: Muscles of the Head, Part 2:
Mastication and Tongue Movement
• Muscles of mastication
– Four pairs
• Prime movers of jaw closure: temporalis and masseter
• Grinding movements: pterygoids
• Chewing role: buccinator
• Muscles promoting tongue movements
– Three extrinsic muscles anchor and move tongue
• Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
Figure 10.8a Muscle for Jaw Closure and Chewing
Temporalis
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Buccinator
Figure 10.8c Muscles for Tongue Movements.
Styloid process
Styloglossus
Genioglossus Hyoglossus
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Anterior
belly Mylohyoid
Digastric Stylohyoid
Posterior
belly Hyoid bone
Stylohyoid (cut) Omohyoid
(superior belly)
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternocleido-
mastoid
Sternothyroid Omohyoid
(inferior belly)
Vertebral Column & Thorax
(Chapters 7, 8 &10)
Epiglottis
Cartilage in Thyroid Larynx
Cartilages in cartilage
external ear nose
Cricoid
Articular Trachea
cartilage
cartilage Lung
of a joint
Costal
Cartilage in cartilage
intervertebral
disc
Respiratory
tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
C1
2
3 Cervical curvature
4
5
6
7
T1 Spinous
2 process
3 Transverse
4 processes
5
Thoracic curvature
6
7
8
9 Intervertebral
discs
10
11 Intervertebral
foramen
12
L1
2
Lumbar curvature
3
Sacral curvature
(5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Anterior longitudinal
ligament
Body of a vertebra
Intervertebral disc
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Intertransversarius
Rotatores
Multifidus
Interspinales
Figure 7.17c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve root
Transverse
process
Herniated portion
of disc
Anulus fibrosus
of disc Nucleus
pulposus
of disc
Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc
Sterocleidomastoid
- flexes, tilts and rotates head
Scalenes (Middle, Anterior, Posterior)
- flexes and rotates head (& elevates first two
ribs during inspiration)
Sternohyoid
- can flex skull (depresses larynx and hyoid
bone during speech)
Middle
Sternocleido- scalene
mastoid
Anterior
scalene
Posterior
scalene
Anterior
Anterior muscles of the neck that move the head
Sternohyoid
Sternocleido-
mastoid
Posterior Muscles that Extend the Head
Trapezius
- extends head, moves scapula
Splenius
- extends and laterally rotates head
Longissimus
- extends head and extends and laterally
rotates vertebral column
Semispinalis (Middle, Anterior, Posterior)
- extends head and vertebral column and
rotates head to opposite side
Levator scapulae
- laterally flexes neck, and moves scapula
Levator
scapulae
Trapezius
Splenius
Posterior
Longissimus capitis Semispinalis
capitis
Semispinalis
Iliocostalis cervicis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae Spinalis
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum Quadratus
lumborum
External oblique
Posterior Muscles that Extend the Spine
Erector Spinae
Iliocostalis - extend and laterally flex vertebral column
Longissimus - extend and laterally flex vertebral
column and head
Spinalis - extends vertebral column
Mastoid process
of temporal bone
Longissimus capitis Semispinalis
capitis
Semispinalis
Iliocostalis cervicis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae Spinalis
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum Quadratus
lumborum