WHAT IS LEARNING?

Learning is defined as “any relatively permanent change

in behavior that occurs as a result of practice and experience.”
Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and
reinforcing, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or
preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of
information.
HOW ARE WE ABLE TO
LEARN, STORE, AND
RECALL INFORMATION
WITH SUCH EASE?
 Brain cells undergo chemical
and structural changes
during learning.
 By changing the number, or
strength, of connections
between brain cells,
information is written into
memory.
STEPS IN LEARNING PROCESS (Dashiell’s Diagram of
Readjustment Behavior)
GOAL

RESPONSE
READINESS
MOTIVATION

OBSTACLE
 GENERALIZATION

REINFORCEMENT
 LEARNING MEMORY

 Learning is the Memory is the

acquisition of skill or expression of what
knowledge. you’ve acquired.

Adapted from the Encyclopedia of Psychology

NATURE OF LEARNING
#1
Learning is a key process of human
behavior.
 We learn from the things that happen to
#2 us - our EXPERIENCES.
#3 All learning involves activities.
 Learning applies not just to humans,
#4 but also to animals and plants.
#5
Learning is acquired
through varied
techniques, styles
and strategies.
TYPES AND THEORIES OF
LEARNING
MULTIMEDIA LEARNING

It is where a person uses both

auditory and visual stimuli to
learn information (Mayer 2001).
E-LEARNING

 Electroniclearning or e-
learning is a general term
used to refer to computer-
enhanced learning.
EPISODIC LEARNING

Itis a change in
behavior that occurs as
a result of an event.
FORMAL LEARNING

Itis learning that takes

place within a teacher-
student relationship, such
as in a school system.
INFORMAL LEARNING

Itoccurs through the

experience of day-to-
day situations. It is
learning from life.
PLAY

Play generally describes behavior which has no particular end

in itself, but improves performance in similar situations in the
future.
Play, as it pertains to humans as a form of learning is central to a
child’s learning and development. Through play, children learn
social skills such as sharing and collaboration.
 ROTE LEARNING

Rote learning is memorizing

information so that it can be
recalled by the learner exactly
the way it was read or heard.
MEANINGFUL LEARNING

Meaningful learning is the concept

that learned knowledge (e.g., a fact)
is fully understood to the extent that
it relates to other knowledge.
tBEHAVIORISTIC PERSPECTIVEt
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
 It is a learning process in which an innate response to a potent
stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously
neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the
neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus.
It is a kind of learning
situation that existed in
the early classical
experiments of Ivan P
Pavlov (1849-1936),
Russian physiologist who
was awarded Nobel Prize,
in 1904 for his
experiments.
Pavlov designed an apparatus
to measure the quantity of
saliva produced in response to
food (meat power).
CONCLUSION

As the training continued, the amount of saliva

on tests with the bell alone increased. Thus, after
training the dog’s mouth watered-salivated-
whenever the bell was sounded. This is what was
learned; it is the conditioned response.
 Classical Conditioning in Real
World
*Many dog trainers use classical conditioning
techniques to help people train their pets.
*Teachers are able to apply classical
conditioning in the class by creating a
positive classroom environment to help
students overcome anxiety or fear.
Operant / Instrumental Conditioning Theory

It is a method of learning

that occurs through rewards
and punishments for
behavior.
 Thismethod of conditioning was
developed by an American psychologist
Burrhus Frederic “B.F.” Skinner. This
theory is also known as ‘Instrumental
conditioning’, because the animals use
certain operations or actions as
instruments to find solution.
Skinner conducted his famous experiment by placing a
hungry rat in a box called OPERANT CONDITIONING
CHAMBER and later named ‘SKINNER BOX’.
 COMPONENTS OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING

REINFORCEMENT
It is any event that
strengthens or increases the
behavior it follows.
Punishment
 It is the presentation of an
adverse event or outcome that
causes a decrease in the behavior
it follows.
LAW OF EFFECT (Edward
Thorndike)

actions that are

followed by desirable
outcomes are more
likely to be repeated
while those followed by
undesirable outcomes
are less likely to be
CONCLUSION

*Actions that are followed by REINFORCEMENT will be strengthened

and more likely to occur again in the future.

*Actions that result in PUNISHMENT or undesirable consequences

will be weakened and less likely to occur again in the future.
tCOGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE: Learning as a
Mental Processt
 INSIGHT LEARNING THEORY
 Insight, in learning theory, immediate and clear
learning or understanding that takes place
without overt trial-and-error testing. Insight
occurs in human learning when people recognize
relationships (or make novel associations between
objects or actions) that can help them solve new
problems. -Britannica
 Learning by perceiving the
relationship in the scene and
understanding the situation is
insightful learning. This theory was
developed by a psychologist known
as Wolfgang Kohler, who belonged
to Gestalt school of psychology.
 Kohler
conducted his most famous
experiments on chimpanzee- called Sultan..
This ‘sudden flash of idea’
to reach food with longer
stick was called as
‘INSIGHT’, by Kohler.
CONCLUSION
Learning takes place also by INSIGHT
and not only by trial and error.
The occurrence of insight to find solution
to a problem is possible by PERCEPTION
OF THE WHOLE SITUATION.
tSOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE: Learning as a
group processt
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Observational learning, or modeling, is a type of
learning most associated with the work and social learning
theory of psychologist Albert Bandura.
 Observational learning is thought to be particularly important
during childhood. It allows for learning without any direct
change to behavior; because of this, it has been used as an
argument against strict behaviorism.
Learning can also
occur simply by
observing the
actions of others.

Albert Bandura’s Social

Learning Theory (1977)
 Albert Bandura first demonstrated
observational learning in his now-famous Bobo-
doll experiment (1961). After seeing adults hit a
doll, children were shown to have learned the
aggressive behavior.
 CONCLUSION
 In order for observational learning to occur, the observer must
pay ATTENTION to an action, REMEMBER the observed behavior,
be able to REPLICATE the behavior, and BE MOTIVATED to
produce the behavior.
 If a model is rewarded for his or her actions, an observer is
more likely to replicate the behavior. The more an observer likes
or respects the model, the more likely they are to replicate their
behavior.
“We are, in truth, more
than half of what we
are by imitation.”
HOW TO LEARN
EFFECTIVELY?
1. Improve your memory.
 Basictips such as
improving your focus,
avoiding cram sessions,
and structuring your
study time are a good
place to start.
2. Keep learning
(and Practicing) new things.
Ifyou want the new
information you just
learned to stay put,
keep practicing and
rehearsing it.
3. Learn in multiple ways.
 Focus on learning in more
than one way. Instead of
just listening to a podcast,
which involves auditory
learning, find a way to
rehearse the information
both verbally and visually.
 4. Teach what you've learned to
another person.
 Start
by translating the
information into your own
words. This process alone
helps solidify new
knowledge in your brain.
Next, find some way to
share what you’ve learned.
 5. Utilize Previous Learning to
Promote New Learning.
 Another great way to
become a more
effective learner is to use
relational learning, which
involves relating new
information to things that
you already know.
6. Gain Practical Experience.
 Whileseeing information
and then writing it down
is important, actually
putting new knowledge
and skills into practice
can be one of the best
ways to improve
learning.
7. Look up answers rather than
struggle to remember.
One study found that
the longer you spend
trying to remember the
answer, the more likely
you will be to forget the
answer again in the
future.
8. Understand how you learn
best.
Another great strategy
for improving your
learning efficiency is to
recognize your learning
habits and styles.
9. Use Testing to Boost Learning.
Research has
demonstrated that
taking tests actually
helps you better
remember what you've
learned, even if it
wasn't covered on the
test.
10. Stop multitasking.

Research now
suggests that
multitasking can
actually make
learning less
effective.