SUBJECT

RELATIONAL DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(RDBMS)
TOPIC: PL/SQL
 PL/SQL
 PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language
/ Structured Query Language.
 PL/SQL is a superset of SQL.
 PL/SQL is a block-structured language
that enables developers to combine the
power of SQL with procedural
statements

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 Comparison between SQL and
PL/SQL
SQL PL/SQL
No Procedural Procedural
Capabilities Capabilities
Time consuming Reduced Network
Processing Traffic
No Error handling Error Handling
Procedures Procedures
No facilities Sharing Facilities Sharing

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 PL/SQL is a block-structured language,
meaning that programs can be divided
into logical blocks.
 PL/SQL block has a definite structure.
 PL/SQL block consists of up to three
sections

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 PL/SQL Block Structure
 DECLARE (optional)
Declarations of memory variables, constants, cursors,
user defined exceptions etc in PL/SQL
 BEGIN (Mandatory)
SQL Statements
PL/SQL Statements
 EXCEPTION (optional)
SQL or PL/SQL code to handle errors that arise
during the execution of the code block
 END; (Mandatory)

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The PL/SQL Architecture

Using SQL Using PL/SQL

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PL/SQL EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT

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CREATING TABLE AREAS
CREATE TABLE AREAS
(
RADIUS NUMBER(6,2),
AREA NUMBER(16,2)
);

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 Program to find Area of a circle
declare
Pi Constant NUMBER (5, 3): = 3.142;
radius NUMBER (6,2);
area NUMBER (16,2);
begin
radius: = 6;
area : = Pi * power (radius, 2);
Insert into AREAS values (radius, area);
end;
/

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 The end; signals the end of the PL/SQL
block, and the / executes the PL/SQL
block. When the PL/SQL block is
executed, you will receive the following
response from Oracle.
 PL/SQL procedure successfully
completed.

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 Query and Results
Select *
From Areas;
The output is displayed as follows

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 Variables
 Variables is PL/SQL blocks are named
variables. A variable name must begin
with a character and can be followed by
a maximum of 29 characters.
 With PL/SQL you can declare variables
and then use them in SQL and
procedural statements anywhere an
expression can be used.

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 Temporary storage of data
 Manipulation of stored values.
 Reusability
 Ease of maintenance

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 Type of Variables
 Scalar datatypes hold a single value. The main
datatypes are those that correspond to column types
in Oracle Server tables : PL/SQL also supports
Boolean variables.
 Composite datatypes such as records allow groups
of fields to be defined and manipulated in PL/SQL
blocks.
 Reference datatypes hold values, called pointers,
that designate other program items.
 LOB datatypes hold values, called locators, that
specify the location of large objects (graphic images
for example) that are stored out of line.

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 Declaring Variables
 Variables are declared in the DECLARE
section of the PL/SQL block.
Examples
Declare
Name Char (25) ;
Age Number (3);
Deptno Number (4) NOT NULL : = 20;
Location VARCHAR2 (20) : = ‘Delhi’ ;
Comm CONSTANT NUMBER : = 2500;

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Assigning value to variables
The assigning of a value to a variable can be done in
two ways :
(i) Using the assignment operator : = (i.e. a colon
followed by an equal to sign)
(ii) Selecting or fetching table data values into
variables
The syntax is
identifier : = expr;
In the syntax
identifier is the name of the scaler variable
expr can be a variable, literal or function call, but not a
database column.

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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
 An oracle-supplied packaged
procedure
 An alternative for displaying data
from a PL/SQL block
 Must be enabled in SQL*Plus with
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

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To compute the monthly salary and prints it to the screen, using
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
ACCEPT p_annual_sal PROMPT‘Please enter the
annual salary :’
DECLARE
v_sal NUMBER (9,2) := &p_annual_sal;
BEGIN
v_sal := v_sal/12;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘The monthly salary
is ’|| TO_CHAR(v_sal)) ;
END;
/

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 Writing Executable statements

 Statements can continue over several

lines.
 Lexical units can be separated by :
-Spaces
-Delimiters
-Identifiers
-Literals
-Comments

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 Vipan Arora
GPCG Jalandhar Punjab EDUSAT Society 21