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Gernal Aspects of Electronics
Gernal Aspects of Electronics
Electronic automation
Output interfaces
sensor
actuator
sensor Microcontroller
indicator
sensor
sensors
Touch sensor
Photo diode
Photo transistor
LDR
IR
Ultra Sound
Image sensor
Gyro sensor
Sensors(cont...)
Use of sensors
White strip(line) detection
Proximity detection
Obstacle detection
Obstacle avoidance
Inter robot communication
Main controller(robot brain)
Different families of microcontroller
ATMEL, Motorola, Texas Instuments, Zilog
Microchip PIC
AVR etc.
Selection Criteria of microcontroller
Computing needs of the task efficiently(speed, memory, I/O ports, Power
consumption, cost/unit)
Availability of software development tools(compiler, simulator,
assembler, debugger, technical support)
Market availability
Availability of reliable source of information
Motor Driver circuits and Motors
Electromechanical Relay switching
Relay driver(ULN 2003)
MOSFET H- bridge
Motors
Wiper motor (high torque low speed)
Dc motor (moderate torque/ moderate speed)
Stepper motor (precise control/low torque)
Optocouplers
Blocking the noise from motor controller and motors to pass to the
main controller circuit.
Motors (cont...)
Wiper motor
Stepper motor
H- bridge
Relay switching
Different relay
switching
PCB designing
Mechanical etching(etching machine takes more than 1 hr)
Chemical etching(Conc HCl and H2O2 takes 30 minutes)
Single layer PCB
Double Layer PCB
Multi layer PCB
Circuit design considerations
Avoid large looping of wires (cause noise coupling)
Avoid large component leg length(acts as antenna in high frequency)
Greater conductor spacing (to reduce noise coupling)
Avoid ground looping(to eliminate unwanted current to flow)
Place decoupling capacitor across each IC (to eliminate noise to pass to the
IC)
Software aspects of microcontroller
It deals with inputs that comes from real world and give
output to the real world.
Popular microcontrollers:
8051 family : AT89s51, AT89s52, AT89C51, AT89C52
PIC family : PIC16F877A
AVR controllers
PIC and AVR controllers available in markets have extra
features like PWM,ADC than 8051.
On-Chip Facilities Overview
AT89S51
Parallel Input/Output Ports
System Clock Generator
Timer/Counters
Interrupts
Serial Port
PIC 16F877A
PWM
ADC
Parallel Input/Output Ports
Four 8-bit I/O ports.
Each bit is individually usable for up to 32 1-bit ports.
All ports are bidirectional and direction can be set in
SFRs in software.
Some of the pins have alternate functions.
System Clock Generator
Input
circuit System Clock
Serial
Port RX (receive)
Thank you