Environmental Science 1

ARCH1421

HEAT GAIN IN BUILDING

 Introduction
• Aim of building envelope – control heat transfer
• Inhot and humid climate aim to keep indoor
comfort temperature between 22-24°C all year
with minimal space cooling (mean outdoor
temperature fluctuates between 30-36°C)
• Consider heat transfer mechanism through wall,
roof , glass, door, floor materials
• Considerrole of insulation and material with
low U value

2
Thermal performance of buildings
• Solar heat gain

• Internal heat gain

• Conduction heat gain or loss

• Ventilation heat gain or loss

3
Thermal performance of buildings
• Solar heat gain Qg
• Internal heat gain Qi
• Conduction heat gain or loss Qc
• Ventilation heat gain or loss Qv
Thermal balance exists when the sum of all
the heat terms are zero:
Qg + Qi + Qc + Qv = 0

4
 Qg = S . I . A

where:
Qg  is the resultant heat flow in (Watts)
A  is the surface area through which the heat
flows (m²)
S  is the solar heat gain factor (glass factor)
I  is the Intensity of solar radiation = W/m2
I = Qc/ Glass area (Qc from the wall has Glass)
W/m2

5
Thermal performance of buildings
• Solar heat gain Qg
• Internal heat gain Qi
• Conduction heat gain or loss Qc
• Ventilation heat gain or loss Qv
Thermal balance exists when the sum of all
the heat terms are zero:
Qg + Qi + Qc + Qv = 0

6
 Internal Heat Gain  Qi
• People (qo) –numbers, Heat output, time/day

• Lights (ql)–rating (watts), heat output, number, time/ day

• Appliances (qa)– number (electrical, gas), heat gain,

time/day

Qi = q o + q l + q a

7
INTERNAL

• Occupancy  Q(o) = n# * h * t/24

Where: n# = number of people
 h = heat output/person (100-150 W)
 t = hours of occupancy

• Lights Q (l) = n# * r * h * t/24

where: n#= number of lights
 r = rating of light-bulb
 h = heat output factor
 t = hours of occupancy

Appliances Qa = n# * h * t/24
where: n#= number of appliance
h = heat output factor
t = hours of occupancy 8
Thermal performance of buildings
• Solar heat gain Qg
• Internal heat gain Qi
• Conduction heat gain or loss Qc
• Ventilation heat gain or loss Qv
Thermal balance exists when the sum of all
the heat terms are zero:
Qg + Qi + Qc + Qv = 0

9
Conduction Heat Gain or Loss
Also: Qc = U *A *Δ T unit in Watts

where:
Qc  is the resultant Heat flow (Watts)
A  is the surface area through which the heat
flows (m²)
⊿T is the temperature difference between the
warm and cold sides of the material.
U is the heat transmission

10
Qc = U *A *Δ T Watts ( shaded)
Δ T = (To-Ti)

*Qc= U *A *Δ T Watts (expose)

Δ T= (Ts - Ti )
(*opaque surfaces with severe exposure)

11
 Sol-air Temperature, Ts
• The heating effect of radiation incident on the
building must be added to the temperature of
outside air if the surface is not sheltered (exposed
to solar radiation)

Ts= To + (I x a)
fo
 Ts – Sol-air temperature
 To – Outside air temperature
 I – Radiation intensity (W/m2)
 a – absorbance of surface (coefficient)
 fo = 1/a – surface conductance (outside) (W/m2 degree C)
12
Qs = Q(g)+ Q(Shaded) + Q(roof) + Q(door) + Q(floor)
*Q(expose)

13
Thermal performance of buildings
• Solar heat gain Qg
• Internal heat gain Qi
• Conduction heat gain or loss Qc
• Ventilation heat gain or loss Qv
Thermal balance exists when the sum of all
the heat terms are zero:
Qg + Qi + Qc + Qv = 0

14
 Air quality and Air Changes
• Air quality standards ASHRAE (American
Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Engineers)
• Air changes (ACH) = N
expressed in litres/person/second
eg ventilation requirements for residential
living areas 3.5 – 5.0 l/s  (2.5 l/s minimum)

15
 Ventilation Heat gain

Qv = 1300 * V * (To - Ti) (N ) =number of air

change per hour
Factors:
Specific Heat of Air
1300 J/m3degC given
V = N x room volume
V = Ventilation rate (m3/sec) 3600
(1 hour=3600seconds)
To= Outside air temperature

Ti = Inside air temperature 16

Qg = S . I . A Watts
Qi = q o + ql + qa Watts
Qc = U *A * Δ T Watts
Qv = 1300* V * (To - Ti) Watts

Qtotal = Qs + Qi + Qv

17
References
• ASHRAE Standards, 1992
• Introduction to Architectural Science, Steven
Szokolay, 2006
• Environmental Design Guide, DES 22, 23
• http://www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-
serv/brochures/nathers/nathers.htm
• http://www.squ1.com/

18
THANK YOU

19