mansourms@alexu.edu.

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• Safety is the state of being "safe", the
condition of being protected against physical,
social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional,
occupational, psychological, educational or
other types or consequences of failure,
damage, error, accidents, harm or any other
event which could be considered non-
desirable
• Safety can also be defined to be the control of
recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level
of risk.
• This can take the form of being protected from
the event or from exposure to something that
causes health or economical losses.
• It can include protection of people or of
possessions.
• All businesses and projects are subject to risk.
The key to success lies in how one manages
risks and what protective measures are taken
to minimize the likelihood and the
consequences of undesirable events
• All workplace hazards (chemical, physical, etc.)
can be controlled by a variety of methods.
• The goal of controlling hazards is to prevent
workers from being exposed to occupational
hazards.
• Some methods of control are cheaper than
others but may not provide the most effective
way to reduce exposures.
• These methods are;
 Elimination.
 Substitution.
 Engineering control.
 Administrative control.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
• These hazard analysis studies can be either
qualitative or quantitative
• Usually referred as Process Hazard Analysis
“PHA”,
• these hazard analysis techniques aims to
identify the potential hazards or identify gaps
in process safety management systems
• Usually HAZID is the first step of risk
assessment verification as it is usually
conducted at the very early stage of any
project, it focuses on hazardous materials and
identifying the suspected process upsets that
might lead to a hazardous situation
• HAZID does not require lots of input
information as it does not need a detailed
design or procedure; it can be used in
conceptual design phase of a process plant,
and based on its outcome preliminary P&IDs
could be issued
• HAZID identifies the possible hazardous
situation, and their potential causes and their
impact on the facility, usually as an outcome
of HAZID workshops corrective and/or
preventative measures can usually be
suggested by the team members which could
be used for other hazard analysis technique
• Checklist Hazard analysis technique is a
reasonably simple and cost effective way to
identify hazard, it is done by checking and
ticking from a list of items or procedures list
with either (Yes, No or Not Applicable)
• HAZOP technique systematically reviews the
plant process/ operation to determine if there
would be any deviation from design
conditions that can appear during operation
due to a specific deviation
• this workshop should have as a minimum the
following attendees:
 HAZOP Chairman
 HAZOP Scribe
 Independent process and control engineer
 Independent operations engineer
 Process and control representative engineer
 Operations representative engineer
 Process safety representative engineer
• the following steps on each node to complete the
HAZOP study:
1. Identify the appropriate node
2. Application of the first or next parameter
3. Application of the first or next guide word, which
with the parameter gives the deviation
4. Figure out the deviation
5. Determine all possible causes for the deviation
6. Check the consequences of the deviation
7. Check the safety measurements preventing or
mitigating the deviation and its associated consequences
8. Establish instruction for action or any other
considerations of the problem when applicable
9. After identifying and discussing all causes and
consequences for a given deviation and the requirements
for action, the procedure returns back to step 3. This
process repeats until all guide words have been combined
with a selected parameter
10. After all guide words have been considered the next
parameter is selected in step 2 and this continues until
every parameter has been tested
11. The discussion moves forward to the next node and
the process repeats until all nodes have been applied
12. An action note is entered into the worksheet if the
team consents that the current precautions are
inadequate or not a concern
13. Recommendations may be documented to offer a
prevention or mitigation of the consequences. An Action
Sheet is made for each item for documentation and
tracking purposes.
• What if shutdown valve did not close?
• What if instrumentation air system failed?
• What if liquid level is drained from the vessel?
• What if control valve stuck open
• What if pumps didn’t work…. Etc
• Quantitative hazard analysis technique are
more reliable method to evaluate the overall
impact of a major accident in industry, usually
the other techniques of hazard analysis deals
with, accidents that leads to injuries and/or a
minor amount of fatalities,
• however for more significant accidents a
quantitative risk analysis (QRA) should take
place to identify the hazard and propose
solutions for any possibilities of economic risk
reduction. Event tree analysis (ETA), and fault
tree analysis (FTA) are two examples of this
hazard analysis technique
• Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
 This analysis intends to study equipment and
protection systems failures and as an output of this
study increasing reliability of some equipment might
be required .
 FMEA consider each failure as an individual failure
and not related to other failures in the system unless
it is a subsequent or can cause another failure
directly