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Artificial Intelligence: Prepared by G.V.S. Ananth Nath Department of Cse
Artificial Intelligence: Prepared by G.V.S. Ananth Nath Department of Cse
Prepared by
G.V.S. ANANTH NATH
DEPARTMENT OF CSE
Messages
Acting Humanly
– Turing Test – computer passes test if a
human interrogator asking written
questions can distinguish written answers
from computer or human
– Computer needs:
Natural language processing
Knowledge representation
Automated reasoning
Machine learning
AI Definitions (2)
Thinking Humanly
– Cognitive Modeling approach to AI
– Involves crossover between computer
science and psychology – cognitive
science
– Areas of interest
Cognitive models
Neural networks
AI Definitions (4)
Thinking Rationally
– “Laws of thought” approach to AI
– Goal: solve any problem based on logical
manipulation
– Problems
Difficult to represent certain types of knowledge (e.g.
common sense, informal knowledge)
Difference between solving problems in principle and in
practice
– E.g. computational limits
AI Definitions (4)
Acting Rationally
– “Design a rational agent” approach to AI
– Advantages over logic approach
Logic is only one tool or many that can be
used to design rational agent
Scientific advances can provide more tools for
developing better agents
Knowledge
Representation
How to represent information?
Generally, we use some sort of tree, grid or
network
Options
– OO programming languages: classes/objects
– Relational database system:
tables/rows/columns
Problem
– The world is more varied, with many types of
things to represent
Knowledge
Representation (2)
Abstract Objects
– Sets
– Sentences
– Measurements
Times
Weights
Generalized Events
– Intervals
– Places
– Physical Objects
– Processes
Knowledge
Representation (3)
Some things are very difficult to represent
– Common sense
See http://www.cyc.com/
– Combinations of multiple types
Issues of:
– Type
– Scale
– Granularity
– Combination
Other Questions
– How to distinguish knowledge and belief?
– What is the best way to reason with this information?
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation
Many Algorithmic Approaches to
Problem Solving
– Depth-First Search
– Breadth-First Search
Variations
– Depth-Limited Search
– Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search
– Bi-directional Search
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (2)
Smarter Search
– Greedy best-first search
– A* search (combine costs of path so far
plus path from current node to goal)
– Memory-bounded heuristic search
Heuristic – means of estimating a
measurement such as cost of search
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (3)
Issues
– Avoiding repeated search
– Searching with partial information
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (4)
Adversarial Search
– E.g. games and game trees
– Minimax algorithm
– Alpha-Beta pruning
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (5)
Applications of Problem Solving
– Expert Systems
Approximating the functionality of an absent
human expert
– Robotics
Encountering unexpected obstacles
Planning
Many types of
problems
– “Blocks world”
– Getting yourself from
Eau Claire to the AAAI
conference in Boston
– Changing a flat tire
– Completing all of your
projects at the end of
the semester
– Developing a large
software application
Planning (2)
Approaches
– State-based search
– Partial-order planning
– Planning graphs
Issues
– Time
– Scheduling
– Resources
Learning
Issues
– Computational Learning Theory
Intersection of theoretical CS, AI, statistics
– How many examples do you need?
Communicating
Major issue - Natural language processing
– Many issues
Syntax
Semantics
Context
– Steps
Perception
Parsing
Analysis
Disambiguation
Incorporation
Uncertainty
Much knowledge is not absolute
– Boundary between knowledge and belief is gray
Techniques for dealing with uncertainty
– Probabilistic reasoning
– Probabilistic reasoning over time
– Fuzzy sets / fuzzy logic
– Simple decision-making (evaluating utility)
– Complex decision-making (taking ability to reevaluate into
account)
Applications
– Expert systems
Intelligent Agents
Possible Projects
– Neural network to simulate decision
making, natural language processing
– Software development planning through
cooperating intelligent agents
– Expert system for deciding which courses
to take to complete a CS major
– Sumo robots?
MICS Robot Contest
Video
http://video.google.com/videoplay?doc
id=7851913746457357108&hl=en