010 - Balancing

Pakistan Petroleum Limited
SFGCS
BALANCING
TURBOMACHINERY ROTORS
EXIT
HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

Machinery Maintenance ( AUGUST-2004)
SFGCS BALANCING
INTRODUCTION
The demand of modern rotating machines and equipment like gas turbine,
generators, compressors, and blowers have made the imbalance a first-order
engineering problem from conceptual design through the final assembly and
operation.
Higher speeds and more stringent acceptable vibration levels set considerable
controls over design specifications and material compatibility.
At higher speeds, which are sometimes in the range of tens of thousands of

revolutions per minute, the design of rotors can be an engineering challenge
which requires sophisticated solutions of interrelated problems in mechanical
design, balancing procedures, bearing design, and the stability of the complete
assembly
At lower speeds, the design of most rotors presents few problems which cannot
be solved by relatively simple means, even for installations in vibration-sensitive
environments.
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SFGCS BALANCING
SOURCES OF UNBALANCE
Sources of unbalance in rotating machinery may be classified as follows;
1. Dissymmetry (core shifts in castings, rough surfaces on forgings,
unsymmetrical configurations)
2. Non homogeneous material (blowholes in cast rotors, inclusions in rolled
or forged materials, slag inclusions or variations in crystalline structure
caused by variations in the density of the material)
3. Distortion at service speed (blower blades in built-up designs)
4. Eccentricity (journals not concentric or circular, matching holes in built up
rotors not circular)
5. Misalignment of bearings
6. Shifting of parts due to plastic deformation of rotor parts (windings in
electric armatures)
7. Hydraulic or aerodynamic unbalance (cavitations or turbulence)
8. Thermal gradients (steam-turbine rotors, hollow rotors such as paper mill
rolls)
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SFGCS BALANCING
BALANCING ASPECTS
1. Basic principles for optimum balance
2. Vibration related to or aggravated unbalance
3. Balancing terms (definitions)
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SFGCS BALANCING
PRINCIPLES OF BALANCING
Define and analyze rotor chemistry/configuration

Rigid Rotors
Flexible Rotors
Machine Operating Data & History
Critical Speeds (flexible rotors) & Rotor Behavior
Define Procedure
Select Machine & Parameters
Pre-Balance Test Run
Balance Repeatability & Standards
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SFGCS BALANCING
TYPES OF BALANCING
Balancing of Rigid Rotors

Balancing of Flexible Rotors
Trim Balancing
Static Balancing
Workshop Balancing
Dynamic Balancing
Single Plane Balancing
Multi Plane Balancing
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SFGCS BALANCING
PERFECT BALANCE
The balance in which rotor rotates about this axis without wobbling in such a
way that its principal axis (which is fixed) coincides with the axis of rotation
Rigid body rotating about

principal axis and a
perfect balanced rotor.
Assumptions :
1. There is no dynamic action of the elasticity of the rotor
2. No action imparted by lubricant in the bearings
3. Bearings will exert no forces other than those necessary to
support the weight of the rotor.
When the radial distance between the center-of-gravity of the rotor

and the shaft axis is zero, then principal axis and the shaft axis will
coincide. At this stage the rotor is said to be perfectly balanced.
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SFGCS BALANCING
RIGID-ROTOR BALANCING
STATIC UNBALANCE
• Rigid-rotor balancing is important because it comprises the majority of the
balancing work done in industry.
• By far the greatest number of rotors manufactured and installed in equipment
can be classified as “rigid” by definition.
• All balancing machines are designed to perform rigid-rotor balancing.*
The center-of-gravity is located on the

principal axis, and is not on the axis of
rotation (shaft axis).
From this it follows that there is a net
radial force acting on the rotor which is
due to centrifugal acceleration.The
magnitude of this force is given by
F = m x ω2
where ω = angular velocity
Unbalanced Rigid Rotor.

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SFGCS BALANCING
SINGLE PLANE (Static) BALANCING
The process of effecting essential coincidence between the center-of-gravity
of the rotor and the shaft axis is called “single-plane (static) balancing.”
If a rotor which is supported on two bearings has been balanced

statically, the rotor will not rotate under the influence of gravity
alone. It can be rotated to any position and, if left there, will
remain in that position.
However, if the rotor has not been balanced statically, then from
any position in which the rotor is initially placed, it will tend to
turn to that position in which the center-of-gravity is lowest.
SINGLE PLANE Balancing can be accomplished most simply (but not necessarily
with great accuracy) by supporting the rotor on flat, horizontal ways and allowing
the center-of-gravity to seek its lowest position.
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SFGCS BALANCING
DYNAMIC BALANCING (Rigid Rotors)
When a rotor is balanced statically, the shaft axis and principal inertia axis
may not coincide; single-plane balancing ensures that the axes have only
one common point, namely, the center-of-gravity.
For perfect rotor balancing, the principal axis must be rotated about the
center-of-gravity in the longitudinal plane characterized by the shaft axis
and the principal axis.This rotation can be accomplished by following
methods;
1. Modifying the journals (but, as before, this is impractical)
2. By adding masses to or subtracting them from the mass
of the rotor in the longitudinal plane characterized by
the shaft axis and the principal inertia axis.
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SFGCS BALANCING
Adding or subtracting a
single mass may cause
Rotation of the principal Therefore, it is concluded that a
axis relative to the shaft couple must be applied to the rotor
axis, in the longitudinal plane by adding or
subtracting two masses of equal
Disturbs the static balance
magnitude, one on each side of the
already achieved.
principal axis.
(It will not disturb the static balance)
Practically, the choice of suitable planes may be important.

Usually, it is best to select planes which are separated axially
NEXT
by as great a distance as possible in order to minimize the
magnitude of the masses required.
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SFGCS BALANCING
Theoretically, it is not important

which two radial planes are selected
since the same rotating effect can be
achieved with appropriate masses,
irrespective of the axial location of
the two planes.
The above process of bringing the

principal inertial axis of the rotor
into essential coincidence with the
shaft axis is called “two-plane
(dynamic) balancing.”
If a rotor is balanced in two planes,

then, by definition, it is balanced
statically; however, the converse is
not true.
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SFGCS BALANCING
FLEXIBLE-ROTOR BALANCING
• If the bearing supports are rigid, then the forces
exerted on the bearings are due entirely to
centrifugal forces caused by the unbalance.
• Dynamic action of the elasticity of the rotor and

the lubricant in the bearings has been ignored.
• The portion of the overall problem in which the
dynamic action and interaction of rotor elasticity,
bearing elasticity, and damping are considered is
called flexible rotor or modal balancing.
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SFGCS BALANCING
Critical Speed
Any rotating speed, which results in high vibration amplitudes. Often these
are speeds, which correspond to system natural frequencies.
Critical frequency
A particular resonant frequency (resonance) at which damage or degradation
in performance is most likely to occur.
BACK

SFGCS
SOURCES OF UNBALANCE
• Sources of unbalance in rotating machinery may be

classified as resulting from
• Dissymmetry (core shifts in castings, rough surfaces on
forgings, unsymmetrical configurations)
• Non homogeneous material (blowholes in cast rotors,
inclusions in rolled or forged materials, slag inclusions
or variations in crystalline structure caused by variations
in the density of the material)
• Distortion at service speed (blower blades in built-up
designs)
BACK

SFGCS
SOURCES OF UNBALANCE (cont’d)
• Eccentricity (journals not concentric or circular, matching

holes in built-up rotors not circular)
• Misalignment of bearings
• Shifting of parts due to plastic deformation of rotor parts
(windings in electric armatures)
• Hydraulic or aerodynamic unbalance (cavitations or
turbulence)
• Thermal gradients (steam-turbine rotors, hollow rotors such
as paper mill rolls)
BACK

SFGCS
FLEXIBLE ROTOR BALANCING
• Flexible-rotor balancing consists essentially the balancing

operations performed at successively greater speeds
• Low-speed balancing of flexible rotors usually performed only in
workshop balancing machine.
• At a speed where significant rotor deformation occurs in the mode
of the first flexural critical speed.
• The deformation may occur at speeds well below the critical
speed.
of the second flexural critical speed.
of the third critical speed.
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SFGCS
FLEXIBLE ROTOR BALANCING (cont’d)
• The balancing of flexible rotors requires experience in determining

the size of correction weights when the rotor runs in a flexible
mode.
• The process is considerably more complex than standard low-
speed balancing techniques used with rigid rotors.
• Primarily this is due to a shift of mass within the rotor (as the
speed of rotation changes), caused by shaft and/or body elasticity,
asymmetric stiffness, thermal dissymmetry and incorrect centering
of rotor mass.
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SFGCS
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
• By far, the most predominant utilization of vibration corrective

measures is BALANCING.
• More than one trial and error methods of achieving dynamic

trueness, balancing with an analyzer is approved process.
• Balancing is a techniques by which machinery which is

declared as "rough" can be corrected in place, without
disassembly and where the results can meet any level of
precision in almost all cases.
• This is especially helpful when one considers that the same

analyzer pinpoints imbalance conditions so that the cause and
cure are achieved with the same instrument.
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SFGCS
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
• Vibration analyzers can be used for running alignment.
• Soft-foot conditions can be detected and corrected while the

machine is operational.
• This creates a fast diagnosis-correction situation without having

to stop and start the machinery.There are many other instances
of vibration monitoring, analysis, balancing and corrective
measures that make VIBRATION Analysis so effective.
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SFGCS BALANCING
STOP HERE
for
Q/A Session
NEXT: Trim Balancing of Mach. Rotors

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010 - Balancing

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Pakistan Petroleum Limited

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

At higher speeds, which are sometimes in the range of tens of thousands of

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

1. Basic principles for optimum balance

2. Vibration related to or aggravated unbalance

3. Balancing terms (definitions)

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

Define and analyze rotor chemistry/configuration

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

Balancing of Rigid Rotors

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

Rigid body rotating about

When the radial distance between the center-of-gravity of the rotor

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

The center-of-gravity is located on the

Unbalanced Rigid Rotor.

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

If a rotor which is supported on two bearings has been balanced

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

DYNAMIC BALANCING (Rigid Rotors)

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

Practically, the choice of suitable planes may be important.

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

Theoretically, it is not important

The above process of bringing the

If a rotor is balanced in two planes,

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

• Dynamic action of the elasticity of the rotor and

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

• Sources of unbalance in rotating machinery may be

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

SOURCES OF UNBALANCE (cont’d)

• Eccentricity (journals not concentric or circular, matching

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

FLEXIBLE ROTOR BALANCING

• Flexible-rotor balancing consists essentially the balancing

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

FLEXIBLE ROTOR BALANCING (cont’d)

• The balancing of flexible rotors requires experience in determining

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

• By far, the most predominant utilization of vibration corrective

• More than one trial and error methods of achieving dynamic

• Balancing is a techniques by which machinery which is

• This is especially helpful when one considers that the same

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

• Vibration analyzers can be used for running alignment.

• Soft-foot conditions can be detected and corrected while the

• This creates a fast diagnosis-correction situation without having

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

NEXT: Trim Balancing of Mach. Rotors

HOME CONTENTS BASIC VIBRATION MONITORING & ANALYSIS COURSE

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