BEC 206/CIVE 2502

BUILDING SERVICES

4.0 PLUMBING EQUIPMENT AND

SYSTEMS

Lecturer’s Name :
Dyg. Siti Quraisyah Bt. Abg. Adenan
 Introduction
Introduction
PLUMBING
 Is the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &
for bringing the supply, liquids, substances
&/or ingredients & removing them;

 from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes

were once made from lead.

 refers to a system of pipes and fixtures

installed in a building for the distribution of
potable water and the removal of waterborne
wastes.
 PLUMBING SYSTEM

 System includes all potable water supply and distribution

P pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and
L and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers,
storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders

U including their respective joints and connections;

devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
M property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot
and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using
B equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for
same.
I
SUPPLY FIXTURE DRAINAGE
PIPE PIPE
 Plumbing System

PLUMBING CYLE
P SUPP LY DISTRIBUTION USE
L Water Mains, Pressure, Plumbing
U Storage Tanks
Piping
Networks
Fixtures

M SOURCE COLLECTION

B Lakes, Rivers,
Gravity,
Piping
Reservoirs Networks
I TREATMENT DISPOSAL

Treated water
N
Sewage Plants,
Sanitary and
returned to the Natural
Storm Sewers
original source Purification
G
 Water Supply and Distribution System

Definition
• Carries water from the water source, street main
or a pump to the building and to various
points in the building at which water is used.
COLD WATER SUPPLY
HOT WATER SUPPLY

WATER
• plays an important part in the plumbing
system
Providing water is one of the most critical
utility requirement “Universal Solvent”
Water Supply and Distribution System

WATER CYCLE

3 MAJOR STAGES

EVAPORATION

CONDENSATION

PRECIPITATION
 SOURCES OF WATER
RAIN WATER
• Collected from roofs of buildings and special
water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds.

GROUND WATER
• The portion of the rainwater which has
percolated into the earth to form underground
deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil
formation).
• From springs and wells and is the principal
source of water for
domestic use in most rural areas.
NATURAL SURFACE WATER
• A mixture of surface run-off and ground
water. Surface sources includes rivers, lakes,
ponds and impounding reservoirs.
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Water Supply and Distribution System

WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

OVERHEAD TANK/ GRAVITY SUPPLY TANK
Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to
fixtures below.
Use in overhead feed system

COMPONENTS
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
Water Supply and Distribution System

CISTERN
• Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump.

PNEUMATIC WATER TANK

• Used in the air pressure system and
often used with a pump.
• Make use of pressure relieve valve to
release excess pressure if necessary.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• The water service pipe, water distribution

pipes, and the necessary connecting
pipes, fittings, control valves and all
appurtenances in or adjacent to the
structure or premises.
COMPONENTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. SERVICE PIPE
• The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply
to the water distribution system of the building served.

2. WATER METER
• Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service.

3. DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE

• A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water
from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.

4. RISER
• A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

5. FIXTURE BRANCH
• The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water
distributing pipe.

6. FIXTURE SUPPLY
• A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
Sanitary Drainage System

General Rules in designing the Sanitary

system:
 The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the
house sewer or the terminating point of the Sanitary
system.

 Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and

vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
efficient circulation.

Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
 Waste Collection System
 Ventilation System
 Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Vent Pipe
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul
air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Sanitary Drainage System

SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:

1. Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the
system due to inadequate ventilation of traps.
 Sanitary Drainage System
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:
2. Back Pressure
– due to back pressure in pipe system
3. Evaporation
- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
4. Wind Effects
- strong winds blow the trap seal
5. Retardation of flow
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or
gravity
6. Deterioration of the Materials
- Due to the formation of acids
7. Indirect Waste Pipe
- is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
receptacle directly connected to the drainage
system.
Sanitary Drainage System
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where
used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various
disposal outlets

Definition: SEPTIC TANKS

A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to
receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
Store digested solids through a period of detention, and allow
the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and
settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the
water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage
 SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

•Sewage = liquid waste generated from

community and conveyed by sewer.
Source:
• Domestic sewage – house,
commercial, institution
• Industrial waste – industry
• Storm water – after period of
rainfall
• Infiltration
 Purpose of Sewage system

 Sewage system is provided to :

 to provide a good sanitary environmental condition

in a city.
To dispose human excreta to a safe place by a safe
and protective means.
To dispose all liquid wastes from a community to a
proper place for disease prevention.
To treat sewage if required so as not to endanger
water bodies and land.
Proper disposal method should be adopted to
protect sub soil water getting polluted.
 SEWAGE TREATMENT

The sewage treatment process can be complex.

However, the key elements of the process are:

1. Screening
• Metal screens sieve out large objects such as wood,
cans and plastics.

2. Grit and Sand Channels

• The sewage then flows along wide, deep channels
where grit and sand sink to the bottom.

3. Sedimentation Tank
• Here, solid particles in the sewage settle at the
bottom of the tank to form a thick sludge.
 SEWAGE TREATMENT

4. Filtration
• The ‘settled sewage’ is then sprinkled onto large
circular beds, about two metres deep, filled with
stones or clinker. This biological activity produces a
humus sludge which settles out in special humus
tanks. In this alternative to biological filtration,
activated sludge containing bacteria is mixed with
the settled sewage in an aeration tank. The air the
bacteria need is provided by water in the tank.

5. Final Settling Tank

• Small and fine particles settle out leaving the cleaned
water, or effluent, to flow back into rivers and
streams.
 Sludge
• Sludge can be defined as the solid waste which has
settled out of the sewage in the sedimentation,
humus and final settling tanks.
• Sewage works produce 250,000 tonnes of sludge
every year and use several methods of disposal:

a) Sludge contains nitrogen, phosphorus and organic

matter which makes it ideal for use as an agricultural
fertiliser.

b) Sludge from sewage works in heavy industrial areas may

have a high metallic content and therefore cannot be used
on the land. In these cases the sludge can be dried into a
cake and used for landfill purposes and tipping, or it can be
incinerated.
Rural Sanitation direct Discharges
Technologies in the early days in 1950s in Malaysia
Individual Septic Tank Systems