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Turbo Visory
Turbo Visory
Turbo Visory
NSTRUMENT
12 January 2018 1
TURBOVISORY PARAMETERS
VIBRATIONS
- SHAFT VIBRATION / ECCENTRICITY
- BEARING VIBRATION
TURBINE EXPANSION
- OVERALL EXPANSION
- DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
- AXIAL SHIFT
SPEED / OVERSPEED
LOAD
BEARING BABBIT METAL TEMPERATURES
MS / HRH PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE
TURBINE METAL TEMPERATURE
VACUUM
LUB OIL PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE
HP / LP EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
GLAND STEAM HEADER TEMPERATURE
12 January 2018 2
12 January 2018 3
CROSS SECTION OF TURBINE
12 January 2018 4
LOCATION OF DETECTORS
4 8 2 2 2
5 5 5 5 2 2 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
MAA MAB MAC MKA MKC
1 2 7 3
2 4 3
3
1 HALL PROBE NUMBER OF THERMOCOUPLE
2 CASING EXPANSION
3 DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
4 AXIAL SHIFT
5 RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION
ABS EXPANSION
AXIAL SHAFT POSITION ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION
REL SHAFT VIBRATION ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION
ABS BRG VIBRATION
12 January 2018 6
VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT
ATION
SHAFT VIBRATION / ECCENTRICITY
- PROXIMITY PROBE
BEARING VIBRATION
- VELOCITY PICK UP
12 January 2018 7
Why Vibration?
• We can understand the machine
• We can find the weakness
• Thereby we can predict, plan, maintain and im
prove
• Improve availability and reduce costs
12 January 2018 8
What are the different ways?
• Overall
• Time domain
• Frequency domain
• Envelope analysis
• Cepstrum analysis
• Wavelet analysis
• Etc
12 January 2018 9
VIBRATION MONITORING
WHAT IS VIBRATION ?
12 January 2018 10
Basic Theory Of Vibration
Simple Spring Mass System
Displacement
Upper Limit
Neutral Position
Lower Position
It is the response of a
system to an internal or
external force which cau
ses the system to oscilla
te.
12 January 2018 12
2. Measurement direction - Horizonta
l, Vertical, Axial.
12 January 2018 13
12 January 2018 14
General rule of direction
• We measure H direction for machines on the found
ation.
• We measure V direction for machines on structures
• We measure A direction when we suspect misalign
ment
• There are advantages, but there are exceptions to t
his rule.
12 January 2018 15
VIBRATION MONITORING
Modes of Amplitudes
• DISPLACEMENT
• VELOCITY
• ACCELERATION
• SPIKE ENERGY
12 January 2018 16
Physical Significance Of Vi
bration Amplitude
12 January 2018 17
The significance
• Displacement gives the strain energy
• Velocity gives the kinetic energy
• Acceleration gives the force
• Spike energy/HFD/gE are special ways to measure
acceleration only.
12 January 2018 18
VIBRATION MONITORING
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
DISPLACEMENT - MICRONS
VELOCITY - MM / SEC.
ACCELERATION - MM / SEC2 , G
12 January 2018 19
VIBRATION MONITORING
AMPLITUDE DESCRIPTORS
• RMS - Displacement
Velocity
1 Step
12 January 2018 21
WHEN TO USE DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
VIBRATION
SENSITIVITY DISPLACEMENT
10
VELOCITY
.1
.01
.001
ACCELERATION
12 January 2018 23
SIMPLE VIBRATION
Time Domain
Amplitude
(mm)
A
Time
(sec)
Period T
f=1/T Frequency f
(Hz)
12 January 2018 24
REAL VIBRATION
Time Domain
Amplitude
(mm)
Time
(sec)
Frequency f
(Hz)
12 January 2018 25
Amplitude & Frequency
Amplitude:
It is the magnitude of Vibration signal.
Units: Micron, MM/Sec, M/Sec2
Frequency:
How many times oscillation is occurring
for a given time period?
Units: CPS(Hz), CPM
12 January 2018 26
VIBRATION MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
– Analyser : Measures all the three characteristics
viz. Amplitude, Freq. and Phase
– Meter : Measures only Amplitude
12 January 2018 27
Vibration Sensors
• Acceleration Sensor - Accelerometer
• Velocity sensor – Velocity sensor or seism
ic sensor
• Displacement sensor - Non Contact picku
p
Accelerometer
12 January 2018 28
Accelerometer
• Piezoelectricity
• Emf proportional
to force
• Emf proportional
to acceleration
(Mass constant)
• Hence called
accelerometer
Accelerometer
12 January 2018 29
Accelerometer cont…..
• Uses piezoelectric crystal
• Normally uses internal amplifier for boosting signal
• It will have low temp application up to 150 degree C
• For high temperature application amplifier is not given i
nside
• This causes low signal strength and we use gold plated
contacts and small cable lengths (output rated in pc per
g). The amplification is done outside
• Normal accelerometer (amplifier inside) will have strong
signal output and can sustain cable lengths of 300 meter
• Available in several design, can go from DC to 10k Hz fre
q (600,000 CPM)
• Can measure Acceleration, velocity and displacement
• It is advised to involve suppliers or persons knowledgea
ble in this area to choose accelerometers for on line mo
nitoring applications
12 January 2018 30
Velocity sensor
Output=B*l*V B & l are constant
Output is proportional to velocity, hence the name Velocity sensor
Spring
Magnet
Terminals Damper
Coil
Magnet
Aluminum case
12 January 2018 31
Velocity sensor cont….
• This is self generating (764 mv per mm/sec)
• Can sustain cable length of 1000 feet easily
• For longer length intermediate amplification is neede
d
• The temperature rating is higher up to 250 degree C
(no electronics inside)
• Sensitive to 60,000 CPM
• Can check velocity and displacement only
12 January 2018 32
Non contact type
12 January 2018 33
Non contact
sensor
Installation
in a Turbine
12 January 2018 34
ABSOLUTE BEARING VIBRATI
ON
VELOCITY TRANSDUCER
SEISMIC MASS TYPE
Works on PLUNGER COIL PRINCIPLE.
Two permanent magnets rigidly fixed to the casing wit
h coils arranged as seismic mass.
The Relative motion between the coil and magnet gen
erates voltage proportional to vibration velocity.
12 January 2018 35
SIESMIC MASS : Plunger Coil principle
Natural frequency of spring mass system ω = 2πf = √c/m
m = mass of plunger coil with spring
C = spring constant
Above ω,coil stands still due to its mass inertia
e=B.l.V 6 5
l= Length of conductors
1. Exciter of vibration
B= magnetic induction
2. Permanent Magnet
v =speed of vib. 3 3. Plunger Coil
N 4 4. Magnetic Return Path
5. Spring
6. Sensor Case
2 S
1
12 January 2018 36
ABSOLUTE SHAFT VIBRATION
• RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION IS BASED ON EDDY CURRE
NT PRINCIPLE.
• PROXIMOTY PROBE SENSES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN T
HE PROBE TIP AND THE OBSERVED SURFACE.
• PROXIMETER GENERATES A RADO FREQUENCY SIGNAL,
WHICH IS RADIATED THROUGH THE PROBE TIP INTO THE
OBSERVED SURFACE. EDDY CURRENTS ARE GENERATE
D IN THE SURFACE AND LOSS OF STRENGTH IN THE RET
URN SIGNAL IS DETECTED BY THE PROXIMETER.
12 January 2018 37
SHAFT & BEARING VIBR
ATION PICK UP
12 January 2018 38
BEARING / SHAFT VIBRATION PICK UP
12 January 2018 39
MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 4 PEDESTAL
12 January 2018 PROXIMITY PROBE 40
RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF VIBRATION MEAS
UREMENTS FOR PEDESTAL BEARINGS
12 January 2018 (AS PER ISO) 41
RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF VIBRATION MEAS
UREMENTS FOR HOUSING TYPE BEARINGS (AS PER
ISO)
12 January 2018 42
Measuring
Amplifier
Proximity
Pick-up
45O 45O
L R
SHAFT
Proximity
Pick-up
L R
SHAFT
12 January 2018 45
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER
• TWO MAGNETICALLY RELUCTANCE TYPE TRANSDUC
ERS IN BRIDGE CONFIGURATION, EXCITED BY 10V AC
(1953 HZ)
• BRIDGE OUTPUT IS MODULATED BY A PERCENTAGE
PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT OF ECCENTRICITY WITH
A MODULATING FREQUENCY PROPORTIONAL TO ROT
OR SPEED
• DEMODULATOR, FILTER,AMPLIFIER & AMPLITUDE DET
ECTOR
12 January 2018 46
PROXIMITY TRANSDUCER
• SENSES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PROBE TIP AN
D OBSRVED SURFACE
• PROXIMETER GENERATES RF SIGNAL, RADIATED THR
OUGH PROBE TIP INTO OBSERVED SURFACE.
• EDDY CURRENTS ARE GENERATED IN THE SURFACE
AND THE LOSS OF STRENGTH IN THE RETURN SIGNAL
IS DETECTED.
• LOSS OF POWER PROPORTIONAL TO GAP BETWEEN
PROXIMETER & CONDUCTIVE BODY.
12 January 2018 47
PROXIMITY SENSOR :
Eddy Current
CONDUCTIVE
MATERIAL
PROXIMITOR
Radio Frequency
Signal
VOLTS
OSCILLATOR
DETECTOR VOLTAGE
12 January 2018 0 48
100
PROBE GAP
THE PROXIMITY PRINCIPLE:
Eddy Current
CONDUCTIVE
MATERIAL
PROXIMITOR
Radio Frequency
Signal
The oscillator in the matching unit supplies(RF signal) the coil in the sensor
with a load Independent,high frequency alternating current.if the sensor is
brought near to a metal object,the eddy currents are induced in surface of t
he object and the power is absorbed thus alternating the voltage across the
coil.The alternating voltage is proportional to the distance between the mea
sured Object and the sensor.the output amplifier forms a load independent
D.C. Voltage signal.
12 January 2018 49
PROXIMITY SENSOR – Matching Unit
The matching unit converts the sensor signal into a voltage signal which is
proportional to the distance between measuring object and the sensor.
1
+
1 2 3 2 Power Supply
~
-
~ ~
~ 3
~
~ Output
-
1 Oscillator
2 Demodulator
3 Output Amplifier
12 January 2018 50
EXPANSION MEASURING INSTRUMENT
S
OVERALL EXPANSION
- POSITION TRANSMITTER
12 January 2018 51
12 January 2018
OVERALL EXPANSION PICK UP 52
OVERALL EXPANSION MOUNTED
12 January 2018 53
ON BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL
DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR SMALL
12 January 2018 54
EXPANSION) & AXIAL SHIFT PICK UP
RELATIVE EXPANSION
If a relative movement is occur between turbine shaft and ca
sing ,the air gap changes and, as a result the inductance of
sensor coils changes inversely
Turbine Shaft
l1 l2
d1 d2
I
L1 L 2 Sensor Coils
d1 d 2 Air gap
Small relative Expansion,Shaft with Collar
12 January 2018 55
DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR SMALL
12 January 2018 56
EXPANSION) & AXIAL SHIFT PICK UP
IP DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PICK UP
12 January 2018 57
MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 3 PEDESTAL
AXIAL SHIFT MEASUREMENT AT IP COLLAR
12 January 2018 58
DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR LARG
12 January 2018 59
E EXPANSION) PICK UP
RELATIVE EXPANSION :
d1 d2
- Power Supply Unit
L1 L2 Measuring
I Attachment
Turbine Casing
L1 L 2 Sensor Coils
d1 d 2 Air gap
12 January 2018 60
DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR LARG
E EXPANSION) PICK UP
12 January 2018 61
LP DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PICK UP
12 January 2018 62
MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 4 PEDESTAL
12 January 2018 SHAFT POSITION MEASURING DEVICE 63
SHAFT POSITION MEASURING DEVICE
12 January 2018 64
SPEED, LOAD MEASURING INSTRUMEN
TS
SPEED / OVERSPEED
- KEY PHASOR
- HALL PROBE
LOAD MEASUREMENT
- CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
- POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
12 January 2018 65
4 : HYDRAULIC SPEED TRANSDUCER
5 : ELECTRIC SPEED TRANSDUCER
DISK
PERMANENT MAGNETS
N-POLE
S-POLE
SENSOR
BRACKET
12 January 2018 70
WIRE
HALL PROBE (USED FOR SPEED MEASUREMENT)
F = q (E + V*B) Bz Ix
Fy = q( Ey – Vx Bz )
(+) (-)
A B
Ey = Vx Bz Ey
Ey = Hall Effect
Ex
HALL VOLTAGE
VAB = EY W w
Ix
12 January 2018 71
HALL PROBE IN BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL
12 January 2018 72
12 January 2018 MAIN OIL PUMP 73
OVERSPEED TRI
P BOLTS IN TUR
BINE ROTOR
12 January 2018 74
OVERSPEED TRIP BOLTS IN BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL
12 January 2018 75
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, FLOW
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
- PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
VACUUM MEASUREMENT
- KENETOMETER
- MERCURY MANOMETER
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
- TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER, THERMOCOUPLE, RTD
FLOW MEASUREMENT
- FLOW NOZZLES, ORIFICES
12 January 2018 76
THERMOCOUPLE
12 January 2018 78
THERMOCOUPLE
12 January 2018 81