Power System Analysis

and Design
EE341 – Energy Conversion
Ali Keyhani
Circuit Theory
Lecture #4

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Introduction:


 Power system analysis and design
a) Estimate the loads
b) Generation planning
c) Transmission line planning
d) Electrical design
- What does it mean?
The objective is to supply power to the
loads at acceptable frequency and
voltage.
Generator

Generator

Generator

Load
 What are loads? Load
a) Loads are specified as power consumption at the rated voltage.

This course deals with :

 Computing load voltage given the specified load and generation.
 Design of power systems using specifications of conductor size, circuit breakers, and
system needs.

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Load Models:

Inductive load - Impedance representation

IL

VL ZL

ZL = RL + jL = R + jXL = / ZL /

/ ZL / = R2 + XL2  = tan-1 (XL/R)

Inductive load - Power representation

IL = VL 0 / ZL  = IL - / I L / = / VL /
/ ZL /
With the load voltage as the reference (ie VL = VL 0), the load current lags the voltage.

VL 0


IL
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The complex power absorbed by the load is:

SL = VLI*L = VL (IL -)* = VLILcos + j VLILsin

SL = / VL // IL / ( in units of VA)

P = VLILcos (in Watts) Q = VLILsin (in Vars)

 S = P + jQ (for an inductive load)  = tan-1 (Q/P)

cos = pf (power factor) Note: for inductive loads IL lags VL

The load model is:

VL
Inductive load - Power model, pf lagging
IL

P + jQ

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Load Models:

Capacitve load - Impedance representation

IL

VL ZL

ZL = R - jXc = / ZL /-

/ ZL / = R2 + Xc2  = tan-1 (Xc/R) Note: that Xc = 1/ c =

Capacitive load - Power representation

IL = VL 0 / ZL - = IL  / IL / = / V L /
/ ZL /
With the load voltage as the reference (ie VL = VL 0), the load current leads the
voltage.
IL


V L 0

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The complex power absorbed by the load is:

SL = VLI*L = VL (IL )* = VLIL- = VLILcos - j VLILsin

SL = P - jQ (for a capacitive load)  = tan-1 (Q/P)

cos = pf (power factor) Note: for capacitive loads IL leads VL

The load model is:

VL
capacitive load - Power model, pf leading
IL

P - jQ

Power Formulas: for a single phase system when V is given in kV, it is easier to use the
formula:

P = VI cos  Note: P is in kW when V is in kV.

kW = kVA cos 
/kVA/ = /S/ = / kV // I / = / V / x / I /
Q = VI sin  Note: Q is in Vars when V is in kV
kVar = kVA sin  When V is in kV and I is in kA, then
P = MW = MVA cos , Q = Mvar = MVA sin  6
/ S / = MVA = / V / / I /
Power Formulas: for a single phase system, when V is in kV, it is easier to use the
formula:

P = VI cos  Note: P is in kW when V is in kV.

kW = kVA cos 
/kVA/ = /S/ = / kV // I / = / V / x / I /
Q = VI sin  Note: Q is in kVars when V is in kV
kVar = kVA sin  When V is in kV and I is in kA, then
P = MW = MVA cos , Q = Mvar = MVA sin 
/ S / = MVA = / V / / I /

Power Formulas: for a three phase system:

S = 3 V I*
P3 = 3 V I cos 
Q3 = 3 V I sin 

Let V = VL-L /  3 Where VL-L is the Line to Line voltage.

Then:
P3 = 3 VL-L IL cos 
Q3 = 3 VL-L IL sin 

Note: that IL (line current) is equal to I for Y connected systems.

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P3 = kW = kVA cos 
Q3 = kVars = kVA sin 
Where:
/ kVA / = / S3 / =  3 VL-L IL Note: VL-L is in kV and IL is in Amps.
We can also write:
P3 = MW = MVA cos 
Q3 = MVars = MVA sin 
/ MVA / = / S3 / =  3 VL-L IL Note: VL-L is in kV and IL is in kA.

Example: for a single phase inductive load, given below, compute the line current.
Vs
Solution:
40kVA kVA = / V/ / IL / x 103
Vload=220V / IL / = 40x103 / 220 = 181.8
pf = .9 lagging IL = 181.8-25.8

Example 2: for a three phase inductive load given below compute the line current.
Vs
Solution:
2000kVA kVA 3 = 2000
Vload=20kV V L-L = 20kV
pf = .9 lagging kVA =  3 VL-L IL
/ I L / = 2000/ 3 x 20 = 57.8A
I L = 57.8 -25.8
P3 = kW = kVA cos  = 2000 x .9 = 1800kW
Q3 = kVars = kVA sin  = 2000 x sin (25.8) = 870.46kVars
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Convention: an inductive load absorbs reactive power (Q in Vars).
V IL IL P&Q

P Q  V R + jX

Inductive load S = VI L* V
S = P + jQ 
IL

A capacitor or a capacitive load supplies or generates reactive power.

V IL
IL P
P Q IL
+ Q
S = P - jQ V R-jXc
- 
V

A synchronous motor with a leading power factor supplies reactive power to the bus
that is connected. jXL
V jXL
IL P

P Qm + Q jXM
V

M the motor acts as a capacitor - EM

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A generator with a lagging power factor also supplies reactive power to the system which is
connected.
VG V0 jXs V0 VG
 
system  VG PG
QG IG

S = V G I*G = PG + jQG
the generator acts as a capacitor

The machine (synchronous motor or generator) under these conditions is called an over
excited machine.
A synchronous motor with a lagging power factor consumes, or absorbs, reactive power.
V
Vm Vm
Im  pf = lagging
M Im

the motor absorbs reactive power and acts as an inductor. This machine is called an
under excited machine. A synchronous generator with a leading power factor also absorbs
reactive power, acts as an inductor and is called under excited. See Ex. Below.

IG Vs VG jX Vs I
 I P VG
 Q  Vs
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S = VI* = V(I)* = VI- = VI cos  - jVI sin  = P - jQ
Problem 1: Consider a three phase distribution feeder as shown below:

source Vs j100()
bus load #3{ kVA = 133.34
VR { pf = 0.0(leading)

load #1 { kVA = 100 load #2 {100kW load #4 { kVA = 100

{ pf = .6(leading) {pf = .6(lagging) { pf = 0.0(lagging)

Compute the following:

1) The source voltage Vs, if VR is to be maintained at 4.4V (VR = 4.4kV line value).

2) The source current and the power factor at the source

3) The total complex power supplied by the source.

4) How much reactive power should be connected to the source bus to obtain unity power
factor at the source bus?

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Problem #2: A balanced three phase, three wire feeder has three balanced loads as
shown:

source +a

+b

+c

R R R
lamp j20 j20 -j20 -j20

R = 100

j20 -j20

Each lamp is rated at 500 watts and 120 volts. The line to line voltage on the feeder
is 220 volts and remains constant under the loads. Find the source current in the feeder
lines and the power delivered by the source.

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