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Creating Money Through The Banking System: Multiple Deposit Creation
Creating Money Through The Banking System: Multiple Deposit Creation
Creating Money Through The Banking System: Multiple Deposit Creation
Banking System
Multiple Deposit Creation
Money and Banking
• The largest component of the money supply is bank
deposits.
Assets Liabilities
Government Securities Currency in Circulation
Discount Loans Reserves
• Assets
– The Fed purchases securities (mostly those issued by the U.S.
Treasury) from private banks and the non-bank public
– The Fed makes discount loans to private banks that are repaid at the
discount rate
• Liabilities
– Currency in circulation is currency held by the public
– Bank reserves refer to currency held by private banks in their own
vaults or at the Fed.
The Monetary Base
• We define the monetary base as the Federal Reserve’s
liabilities:
– MB = Currency in Circulation + Reserves = C + R
– To increase MB, the Fed will buy bonds from the public,
replacing a non-monetary asset (bonds) with a monetary one
(currency)
– To decrease MB, the Fed will sell bonds from the public,
exchanging a monetary public asset (currency) for a non-
monetary asset (bonds)
Increasing MB through an Open Market Purchase
Federal Reserve
Assets Liabilities
Securities +$100 Reserves +$100
Banking System
Assets Liabilities
Securities -$100
Reserves +$100
• The Fed buys a $100 bond from a bank and pays with a $100 check.
• The bank cashes the check and places the $100 in its vault as reserves.
• The monetary base has increased by $100 with the conversion of the
privately held security into currency (and then into bank reserves)
Open Market Purchase from the Public
• Suppose the Fed wanted to increase the monetary base and bought
a $100 treasury bill from you.
• You now have two things you can do with your money:
– Hold it as currency
– Deposit it at the bank.
Federal Reserve
Assets Liabilities
Securities +$100 Currency in Circulation +$100
Federal Reserve
Assets Liabilities
Securities +$100 Reserves +$100
Banking System
Assets Liabilities
Reserves +$100 Checkable Deposits +$100
Open Market Sale
Nonbank Public Federal Reserve System
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities +$100 Securities -$100 Currency in -$100
circulation
Currency -$100
BANK OF AMERICA
Assets Liabilities
Loans $80.00
• The money supply is equal to the $100 deposited in the bank plus
the $80 in currency circulating as a loan M = $180
Reserve Requirement Ratio
• Suppose the $100 is deposited in Bank of America, but now the bank
maintains a 10% reserve ratio, lending the remaining 90% of deposits.
• Bank of America’s financial statement would then be:
BANK OF AMERICA
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $10.00 Deposits $100.00
Loans $90.00
• Now suppose that the borrower who got the $90 loan uses that
currency to make a purchase.
Reserve Requirement Ratio
SUNTRUST BANK
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $9.00 Deposits $90.00
Loans $81.00