Covalent Bonding

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 Covalent Bonds
• The atoms held together by sharing electrons
are joined by a covalent bond.
• Molecule is a neutral group of atoms joined
together by covalent bonds.
 Covalent Bonds
• A diatomic molecule is a molecule consisting
of two atoms.
 Molecular Compounds
• Lower melting and boiling points than ionic
compounds.
• Many are gases or liquids at room
temperature.
• Composed by two or more nonmetals
 Molecular compounds
Molecular (covalent) Ionic compounds
compounds

H2O NaCl
 Molecular Formulas
• A molecular formula shows how many atoms
of each element a molecule contains.
• H₂O
• CO₂
• C₂H₆
• O₂
 Covalent Bonding
• Combinations of atoms of the nonmetals and
metalloids in groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A are
likely to form covalent bonds.
 Single Covalent bonds

• H₂O
Cl Cl • NH₃
• CH₄
• PCl₃
Cl Cl
 Double Covalent bonds
• Atoms form double or triple covalent bonds if
they can attain a noble gas structure by
sharing two pairs or three pairs of electrons.
• CO₂
O O

O O O O
 Triple Covalent bonds
• Atoms form double or triple covalent bonds if
they can attain a noble gas structure by
sharing two pairs or three pairs of electrons.

N N

N N