Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P.

Keerthi
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SAFETY REGULATIONS IN A
LABORATORY

Lab-Safety

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 The Importance of Safety
Safety and health considerations are as important as any other
materials taught in Medical curricula.

Occupational injury data from industry studies indicate that the injury
rate is highest during the initial period of employment and decreases
with experience.

Similarly, in a laboratory setting where students experience new

activities, the likelihood of incidents, injury, and damage is high.
Therefore, it is essential that the students are taught what can go
wrong, how to prevent such events from occurring, and what to do in
case of an emergency.

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 Teacher’s / Instructor’s Viewpoint
Teachers have an obligation to instruct their students

1. Basic safety practices required in science laboratories

2. Instruct them in the basic principles of health hazards that are found
in laboratories.
3. Provide safety information and training to the students for every
stage of experiment planning and be there to observe, supervise,
instruct, and correct during the experimentation.
4. Safe and healthful learning environment for the students.
5. Wear personal protective equipment
6. Follow and enforce safety rules
7. Demonstrate safety behavior and promote a culture of safety.

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We should be proactive in
every aspect of laboratory
safety, making safety a
priority.

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 Student’s Viewpoint
• Do you have previous hands on training in handling chemicals or
equipment?
• Students develop attitudes towards safety and acquire habits of
assessing hazards and risks

As a doctor…………..
• through implications - risks of experiments
• Emphasizing the importance of safety and health
considerations - industrial safety
• toxicology - interesting, informative, beneficial.

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 Safety and Emergency Procedures
• Educate students on the location and use of all safety and emergency equipment prior to laboratory
activity.

• Identify safety procedures to follow in the event of an emergency/accident.

• Know the location of and how to use the cut-off switches and valves for the water, gas, and
electricity in the laboratory.

• Should know how to use all safety and emergency equipment (i.e., safety shower, eyewash, first-aid
kit, fire blanket, fire extinguishers and mercury spill kits).

• Keep a list of emergency phone numbers near the phone.

• Conduct appropriate safety and evacuation drills on a regular basis.

• Explain in detail to students the consequences of violating safety rules and procedures.

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 Conduct
• Do not engage in practical jokes or boisterous conduct in the
laboratory.
• Never run in the laboratory.
• The use of mobile phones, audio or video equipment is
prohibited in the laboratory.
• The performance of unauthorized experiments is strictly
forbidden.
• Do not sit on laboratory benches.
• Coats, bags, and other personal items must be stored in
designated areas, not on the bench tops.
• Share the resources and minimize the waste.

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 General Work Procedure
• Know emergency procedures.
• Never work in the laboratory without the supervision of a
teacher. Always perform the experiments or work precisely
as directed by the teacher.
• Immediately report any spills, accidents, or injuries to a
teacher.
• Never leave experiments while in progress.
• Never attempt to catch a falling object.
• Be careful when handling hot glassware and apparatus in
the laboratory. (Hot glassware looks just like cold
glassware).
• Never point the open end of a test tube containing a
substance at yourself or others.
• Avoid reagent contamination.
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• Never fill a pipette using mouth suction. Always use a
pipetting device.
• Do not try to light the Bunsen burners using a piece of
paper.
• Make sure no flammable solvents are in the
surrounding area when lighting a flame.
• Do not leave lit Bunsen burners unattended.
• Turn off all heating apparatus, gas valves, and water
faucets when not in use.
• Do not remove any equipment or chemicals from the
laboratory.
• Notify your teacher of any sensitivities that you may
have to particular chemicals if known.
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 House keeping
• Keep work area neat and free of any unnecessary objects.
• Never block access to exits or emergency equipment.
• Inspect all equipment for damage (cracks, defects, etc.) prior to use;
do not use damaged equipment.
• Thoroughly clean your laboratory work space at the end of the
laboratory session.
• Return excess chemicals to the stores.
• Leave all the reagents where they belong.
• Do not block the sink drains with debris.
• Place chemical waste in appropriately labeled waste containers.
• Properly dispose of broken glassware and other sharp objects (e.g.,
syringe needles) immediately in designated containers.
• Properly dispose of weigh boats, gloves, filter paper, and paper towels
in the laboratory.
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 Apparel in the Laboratory
• Always wear appropriate eye protection (i.e., chemical
splash goggles) in the laboratory.
• Wear disposable gloves, as provided in the laboratory,
when handling hazardous materials. Remove the gloves
before exiting the laboratory.
• Wear a full-length, long-sleeved laboratory coat or
chemical-resistant apron.
• Wear shoes that adequately cover the whole foot; low-
heeled shoes with non-slip soles are preferable. Do not
wear sandals, open-toed shoes, open-backed shoes, or
high-heeled shoes in the laboratory.
• Avoid wearing shirts exposing the torso, shorts, or short
skirts; long pants that completely cover the legs are
preferable.
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• Secure long hair and loose clothing (especially loose long sleeves,
neck ties, or scarves).
• Remove jewellery (especially dangling jewellery).

• Synthetic finger nails are not recommended in

the laboratory; they are made of extremely
flammable polymers which can burn to
completion and are not easily extinguished.

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 Hygiene Practices
• Keep your hands away from your face, eyes, mouth, and body
while using chemicals.
• Food and drink, open or closed, should never be brought into the
laboratory or chemical storage area. (Oral contact with anything
while working in the laboratory is forbidden)
• Never use laboratory glassware for eating or drinking purposes.
• Do not smell or taste any chemical in the laboratory.
• Do not apply cosmetics while in the laboratory or storage area.
• Wash hands after removing gloves, and before leaving the
laboratory.
• Remove any protective equipment (i.e., gloves, lab coat or apron,
chemical splash goggles) before leaving the laboratory.

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 Emergency Procedure
• Know the location of all the exits in the laboratory and
building.
• Know the location of the emergency phone numbers.
• Know the location of and know how to operate the
following:
Fire extinguishers
Alarm systems with pull stations
Fire blankets
Eye washes
First-aid kits
Deluge safety showers
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The severity of an injury may be difficult to determine
initially, therefore all injuries, fires, and explosions
must be reported to the staff at once.

Any injury that cannot be handled with a simple

bandage must be handled by a physician, either at
Emergency Room/Hospital

If you cannot help during an emergency, get out of the

way of people who can

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 Fire
Report all fires immediately to the instructor,
and leave the laboratory at once.

Do not attempt to extinguish a fire unless an

instructor is not nearby or unless someone is
in immediate danger of serious injury.

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 Chemicals in the eye(s)
If any chemical has splashed into the eyes, immediately
call for help and rush to the eyewash fountain.
- allow water to flow spontaneously without further
effort
- hold the lid(s) of the affected eye(s) open

Flush eyes for a minimum of 15 minutes!

Staff will notify doctors, and arrange for transportation to

hospital.

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• Many common organic solvents - under suspicion as
potential carcinogenic agents. Among these are
Dichloromethane, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Chloroform.

• Treat all organic solvents with respect and minimize

contact with both the liquid and the vapors.

• Methanol is very toxic and can cause blindness if ingested.

It can be absorbed through the skin and contact should be
avoided. If accidental contact occurs, wash thoroughly with
soap and water

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• Addition of strong oxidizing agents to organic matter may lead to
fire/explosion.

• Common oxidizing agents - nitric acid, nitrates, nitrites, chlorates,

and compounds with “per” in their name (example: potassium
permanganate).

• Due to their extremely hazardous nature, the following chemicals

and equipments may not be handled by students except under the
direct supervision of an instructor:

CHEMICALS EQUIPMENT
• Elemental Bromine Gas Cylinders
• All Cyanides UV Lamps
• Hydrofluoric Acid Vacuum Equipment
• Perchloric Acid (>6M) Lasers
• Nicotine
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• Compounds of heavy metals, especially lead,
arsenic, antimony, bismuth and mercury - very
toxic.
• Chromates / di-chromates – capable of
producing ulcerous sores, and are
carcinogenic
 Minimize contact

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• All compounds labeled “stench”, malodorous compounds
(examples: mercaptans, low molecular weight organic
acids, amines), and compounds that evolve toxic vapors
must be used in the hood.

• Drying ovens are not approved for flammable substances.

Drying ovens are used only for drying non-flammable
solids that are wet with/have absorbed water.

• Sodium and Potassium metal react violently with water.

Magnesium metal is very flammable.

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• Ethers have a tendency to form dangerously explosive
peroxides over time.
• Never store ether in a glass container.

• Considerable heat is often evolved when concentrated liquids

are diluted with water. The concentrate in always added to
water; never the reverse.
(Example: pour concentrated acid into water)

• Cryogenic substances such as dry ice, liquid nitrogen, and

liquid ammonia - only after special training

• Consider electrical hazards carefully - Certain instruments

have high voltage components
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• Any apparatus with moving pulleys or shafts (pumps,
power tools) presents special safety concerns - Loose
clothing poses a particular hazard when working with
this type of equipment

• Radiation Safety
– Special training / radiolabel tags/ special cloths

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Chemical Label

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EXAMPLE
• Blue = Health hazard
• Red = Fire hazard
• Yellow = Reactivity hazard
• White = Special hazard

• 0 = minimal hazard
• 1 = slight hazard
• 2 = moderate hazard
• 3 = serious hazard
• 4 = severe hazard

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 The Blue Section - Health Risks
• 4 - The substance is a severe health risk if the
substance is not handled safely. (Substances
carrying a four in the blue section could cause death
or irreversible injury.)
• 3 -The substance could cause serious temporary or
irreversible injury.
• 2 - The substance could cause temporary
incapacitation.
• 1 - The substance could cause irritation.
• 0 - There is no health hazard.
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 The Red Section - Fire Risks
• 4 - A flammable vapor or gas which burns
readily.
• 3 - A flammable liquid or solid which can be
readily ignited.
• 2 - The substance must be heated for ignition.
• 1 - The substance must be preheated before
ignition can occur.
• 0 - There is no fire hazard.

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The Yellow Section - Reactivity Hazards
• 4 - The substance is readily capable of
detonation or explosive reaction.
• 3 - The substance may detonate when
exposed to heat or an ignition source.
• 2 - The substance is readily capable of non-
explosive reaction.
• 1 - The substance may become unstable at
high temperatures.
• 0 - The substance is stable.
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 The White Section - Special Hazards

• OX - Oxidizer
• ACID - Acid
• ALK - Alkali
• COR - Corrosive
• - Use no water
• - Radioactive

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Regardless of the numbers on the label be
cautious.
(even if they carry ones or zeros)

All chemicals should be treated with the

utmost of care.

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 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• The MSDS contain detail information on:
– Name & trade name of the substance
– Hazardous ingredient(s) it contains
– Physical characteristics of the chemical
– Protective equipment to be used
– What to do in event of a leak or spill
– Any other precautions to be followed

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 Material Safety Data Sheet (not to memorize)
Toluene MSDS No. XXXX

1. Product and Company Identification

• Product Name: TOLUENE
• Synonyms: Methylbenzene, Methylbenzol, Phenylmethane,
• ToluolCAS No.: 108–88–3
• Chemical Formula: C6H5–CH3
• Catalog Number: Tol 12
• Supplier: Company X XXXXXXXXX Anywhere, XX XXXXX
• Emergency Information: XXX–XXX–XXXX

2. Composition/Information on Ingredients
• Ingredient CAS No Percent Hazardous
• Toluene 108–88–3 100% Yes

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3. Hazards Identification
Emergency Overview
• DANGER!
• Harmful or fatal if swallowed.
• Vapor harmful.
• POISON!
• May be absorbed through intact skin.
• Flammable liquid and vapor.
• May cause liver and kidney damage.
• May affect blood system or central nervous sys­tem.
• Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

Potential Acute Health Effects

• Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain.
• Skin Contact: Causes irritation. May be absorbed through skin.

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• Inhalation may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of
overexposure may include fatigue, confusion, headache, dizziness and
drowsiness. Very high concentrations may cause unconsciousness and death.

• Ingestion: Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symp­toms that
parallel over-exposure from inhalation.

• Aspiration of material into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which
may be fatal.

• Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure may result in anemia, decreased blood

cell count and bone marrow hypoplasia. Liver and kidney damage may occur.
Repeated or prolonged contact may cause dermatitis

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4. First Aid Measures

• Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes,
lifting the upper and lower eye lids occasionally. Get medical attention
immediately.

• Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and
water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash clothing before reuse. Call a physician immediately.

• Inhalation: Evacuate victim to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial
respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Seek medi­cal aid immediately.

• Ingestion: Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMIT­ING. Give 2–4

cups of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Get medical attention immediately.

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5. Fire Fighting Measures
• Fire: Flash point: 4 oC (40 oF) Auto-ignition temperature: 480 oC (896 oF)Flammable
limits in air % by volume: lower: 1.3%; upper: 7.1%Flammable liquid and vapor!
Extremely flammable when exposed to flame or sparks. Vapors are heavier than
air and can flow along surfaces to distant ignition source and flash back.

• Explosion: Vapor-air concentrations above flammable limits are explo­sive. Contact

with strong oxidizers may cause fire or explosion. Sensitive to static discharge.

• Fire Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or foam. Material is lighter
than water and a fire may be spread by use of water. Water may be used to cool
fire surface and protect personnel. Water may also be used to flush spills away
from exposures and to dilute spills to non-flam­mable mixtures. Avoid flushing
hydrocarbon into sewers.
 
  Special Information: In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and
NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus operated in the pressure
demand or other positive pressure mode.

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6. Accidental Release Measures
• Avoid contact.
• Ventilate area of leak or spill. Remove all ignition sources.
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8.
• Isolate hazard area.
• Contain and recover liquid when possible.
• Collect liquid in an appropriate container or absorb with an inert material such as earth, sand
or vermiculite.
• Do not use combustible materials, such as saw dust.
• Do not flush to sewer.

7. Handling and Storage

• Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventila­tion. Avoid contact with
skin, eyes or clothes. Electrically ground and bond containers when transferring material to
avoid static accumulation.
• Storage: Store in a cool, dry well-ventilated location, away from any area where the fire
hazard. Separate from incompatibles. Storage and use ar­eas should be No Smoking areas.
Use non-sparking type tools and equip­ment, including explosion proof ventilation. Containers
of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (vapors,
liquid). Observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product. Pro­tect container against
physical damage. Keep container tightly closed.
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8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Ventilation System: A system of local and/or general exhaust is recom­mended to keep exposures
below the Airborne Exposure Limits.
Exposure Limits: Toluene:
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 200 ppm TWA; 300 ppm (acceptable ceiling conc.);
500 ppm (acceptable maximum conc.).
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 100 ppm TWA (375 mg/m3); STEL 150 ppm (560
mg/m3)
• ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm TWA skin – potential for cutaneous absorption

• Personal Respirators (NIOSH/EN 149 Approved): If the exposure limit is exceeded a half-face
organic vapor respirator may be worn for up to ten times the exposure limit. A full-face
organic vapor respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus may be worn up to 50 times
the exposure limit.

• For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-face piece
positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator.

• Skin Protection: Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, lab coat, apron
or coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent skin contact.

• Eye Protection: Use chemical splash goggles and/or a full face shield. Maintain eyewash
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9. Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical State and appearance: Clear, colorless liquid.
Odor: Aromatic benzene-like.
Solubility: Very slight Specific Gravity (Water = 1): 0.9
Viscosity: 20cP @ 20 oC
Boiling Point: 110 oC (232 oF)
Melting Point: −95 oC (−139 oF)
Vapor Density (Air=1): 3.1
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): 53.3 @ 20 oC (68 oF)
Evaporation Rate (Butyl acetate=1): 2.4
Molecular formula: C6H5CH3 Molecular weight: 92.06

10. Stability and Reactivity

• Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Contain­ers may burst when
heated.
• Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when
heated to decomposition.
• Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.
• Incompatibilities: Heat, flame, strong oxidizers, nitric and sulfuric acids; will attack some forms
of plastics, rubber, coatings.
• Conditions to Avoid: Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles.
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11. Toxicological Information
Toxicological Data:
• Oral rat LD50: 636 mg/kg Skin rabbit LD50: 14100 uL/kg Inhalation
rat LC50: 49 gm/m3/4H Inhalation mouse LC50: 400 ppm/24H
 
• Irritation data: skin rabbit, 500 mg, Eye rabbit, 2 mg/24H, Severe.
Moderate

• Investigated as a tumorigen, mutagen, reproductive effector.

• Reproductive Toxicity: Has shown some evidence of reproductive

effects in laboratory animals.

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 12. Ecological Information

• Environmental Fate:
When released into the soil, this material may evaporate and is
microbiologically biodegradable. When released into the soil, this material is
expected to leach into groundwater. When re­leased into water, this material
may evaporate and biodegrade to a mod­erate extent. When released into the
air, this material may be moderately degraded by reaction with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals.

• Environmental Toxicity: No data available, however this material is expected to

be toxic to aquatic life.

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14. Transport Information
• Domestic (Land, U.S. D.O.T.)
• Proper Shipping Name: TOLUENE Hazard Class: 3 UN/NA: UN1294 Packing Group: II
• Canada TDG
• Proper Shipping Name: TOLUENE Hazard Class: 3 (9.2)UN/NA: UN1294 Packing Group: II
Additional Information: Flashpoint 4 oC

15. Regulatory Information

• CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 65: WARNING
• This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth defects or
other reproductive harm. Reportable Quantity: 1000 Pounds (454 Kilograms) (138.50 Gals)
• NFPA Rating: Health – 2; Fire – 3; Reactivity – 00=Insignificant 1=Slight 2=Moderate 3=High
4=Extreme
• Carcinogenicity Lists: No NTP: No IARC Monograph: No OSHA Regulated: No
• Section 313 Supplier Notification: This product contains the following toxic chemical(s)
subject to the reporting requirements of SARA TITLE III Section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 and of 40 CFR 372:
• CAS No. Chemical Name % By Weight
• 108–88–3 Toluene 100

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16. Other Information
• Label Hazard Warning
• POISON! DANGER! HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARM­FUL IF INHALED OR
ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. VAPOR HARM­FUL. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR. MAY
AFFECT LIVER, KIDNEYS, BLOOD SYSTEM, OR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES
IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.

Label Precautions
• Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Keep container closed. Use only with adequate
ventilation. Wash thoroughly after handling. Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with eyes,
skin and clothing.

Label First Aid

• Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If vomiting occurs, keep head below
hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give
artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case of contact, im­mediately flush
eyes or skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and
shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. In all cases call a physician immediately.

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Thank you

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