PRESENTATION ON ANALOG

AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

 COMMUNICATION

Communication is the process

of transferring information
from one entity to another.

2
 BASIC ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
SENDER: a sender who creates the
message to be transmitted.
MEDIUM: a medium which carries
message.
RECIEVER: a receiver which receives
message.
Point-to-point communications

Source Destination

Source: -discrete events (from an alphabet)

-waveforms (speech, sound, images, video)

Transmission media: -radio frequency ”on the air”

-satellite channel
-copper wire
-optical fiber
 CONTENTS
Elements of an electrical
communication system.
A SIMPLIFIED COMMUNICATION MODEL
DATA
COMMUNICATION
Data communication is the process of
electronically sending data from one point
to another. In this case the sender and
receiver are normally machines ,in
particular, computer devices & the
transmission medium may be telephone
lines, microwave links, satellite links etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
The cost of conveying message, pictures, or
voice over large distance is small.
The message is safe & secured.
The transmission takes place without any doubt
for the receiver.
The message reaches in a reasonable time.
The message can be coded that it I understood
by the sender & the receiver only.
 ADVANTAGES OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
The message can be sent in any language,
hindi, punjabi or sanskrit.
A layman can also easily send or receive
message
The same PC can also be used to get
information from varied sources such as
railways, weather department, banks, etc
The same PC can also be used for educatin ,
entertainment, internet access etc.
 FORMS OF DATA
TRANSMISSION
Analog data transmission
Digital data transmission
 DATA
ENTITIES THAT CONVEY MEANING
ANALOG DATA-
Continuous value with some intervals ,
e.g. sound, video etc
DIGITAL DATA-
Discrete value e.g. text , integers
 SIGNALS
BY WHICH DATA ARE PROPAGATED
Analog signals-
it is continuously varying
electromagnetic wave that propagates
over ( a variety of ) medium
 Analog systems
Analog systems use electrical signals that
vary continuously, not having discrete
values
 Analog signals are electrical
representations of signals from nature
(pressure, light, sound, etc.)
voltage

 Examples of analog systems: AM/FM radio,

cassettes, telephone, VCR, standard

television
Voltage (V)

time
Analog examples
 Digital signals
It is a sequence of voltage pulses that are
transmitted over a wire medium. The
signal intensity maintains a constant level
for sometime and then changes to another
constant level .
 Digital systems
Digital systems use electrical signals
that represent discrete, binary values.
 Digital signals are not representative of
signals that occur in nature (pressure,
light, sound, etc.).
 Natural signals must be converted into

digital format.
 Digital signals
Binary digital signals use two discrete voltage
levels to represent binary 1 or 0.
Combining multiple bits into words permits us
to represent larger values.
Digital circuits operate on digital signals
performing logic and arithmetic functions.
voltage

1 0 1 1 0 1

5V

0V
time
Digital examples
Comparision b/w
analog and digital
data
communication
Comparision b/w analog and
digital data communication
Continuous over It is in the form of
an interval like discrete quantities
sound, light &
radio waves Cost of transmission
is low
Cost of
Efficiency is high
transmission is
high
Efficiency is low
Comparision b/w analog and digital
data communication
Maintenance Maintenance cost
cost is high is low
Effect of noise is Effect of noise is
low
high
Error rate is low
Error rate is high
Data rate is high
Data rate is low
 Advantages of digital signals
The most important advantage of digital
communications is noise immunity.
Receiver circuitry can distinguish between a
binary 0 and 1 with a significant amount of
noise. 1 0 1 1 0 1
Voltage (V)

Time (sec)
analog signal with noise digital signal with noise
 Advantages of digital signals
Digital signals can be stripped of any noise in
a process called signal regeneration.
Consider a network of relay stations.

microwave
relay stations
 Advantages of analog signals
An analog signal is received, amplified and
retransmitted at each station.
However, the noise is also amplified each
link.
original analog signal

signal at repeater 1
microwave
relay stations
signal at repeater 2

signal at repeater 3
What’s the difference?
Advantages of Digital Systems
More resilient to interference and
imperfections
Longevity: data can be stored over
very long periods of time.
Information can be stored as numerical
data: data storage cheap
Disadvantages of Digital Systems

Digital signal will not be an exact

copy of the original analogue
signal: sampling error
Takes time to do
Complex processing involved
 Transmission of digital
data
There are two ways to move bits from one
place to another:
 Transmit all bits of a word simultaneously

(parallel transfer).

Send only 1 bit at a time (serial transfer).
 Serial transmission
In serial transmission, each bit of a word is
transmitted sequentially, one after another.
 The least significant bit (LSB) is

transmitted first, and the most significant

bit (MSB) last.

Each bit is transmitted for a fixed interval
of time.
Serial data can be transmitted faster and
over longer distances than parallel data.
Serial buses are now replacing parallel
buses in equipment where very high
speeds are required.
 Parallel transmission
Parallel data transmission is extremely fast
because all the bits of the data word are
transferred simultaneously.

There must be one wire for each bit of
information to be transmitted. Multi-wire cable
must be used.
 Parallel transmission
Parallel data transmission is impractical for long-
distance communication because of:
 Cost of laying multi-wire cables.

 Signal attenuation over long distances.

 At high speeds, capacitance and inductance of

multiple wires distorts the pulse signal. To reduce

this, line lengths must be severely shortened.
 To achieve clock speeds up to 400 MHz, line

lengths must limited to a few inches

Parallel data transmission by
radio would be complex and
expensive.
One transmitter and one receiver
for each bit.
Conversion from
analog to digital
Before we can use digital transmission, we must
convert the signal of interest into a digital format.
Translating an analog signal into a digital signal is
called analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, digitizing a
signal, or encoding.
 The device used to perform this translation is known

as an analog-to-digital converter or ADC.

 An analog signal is a smooth or
continuous voltage or current variation.

Through A/D conversion these
continuously variable signals are
changed into a series of binary numbers.
Voltage (V)

01101010100111001101010101111

Time (sec)
 Thanks for your kind
attention!
Thank you

Questions are welcome!