METHODS FOR

MEASURING PRESSURE
REPORTED BY: Group 2
Jemar B. Bagnate
John Michael Cataylo
Alfred M. Jagmis
Arbhe P. Bacani
Marvin Catalogo
MANOMETERS
 a device used to measure pressure at a single or multiple points in a
single or multiple pipelines, by balancing the fluid column by the
same or another column of fluid.
 It can be categorized into two types, namely simple manometer
and differential manometer.
 Simple manometric devices - measure pressure at a single point in a
fluid,
 Differential manometric devices - measure pressure at two or more
number of points, in a single or multiple flow lines.
Three Types of Simple Manometer
1. Piezometer - is a simple manometric device which measures
pressure at a point in a fluid, without balancing any other fluid
column.
 If pressures considered in the cylindrical vessel;

 If the container is not an open one;

2. U-tube Simple Manometer
 used to measure pressure at a point in a fluid, by balancing the fluid
column by the same or another column of fluid.
 It has a glass tube bent in “U” shape with some amount of same or
other type of fluid, called manometric fluid like mercury,
3. Single Column/Micro-manometer
 Single column/micro-manometers are just similar to the U-tube
manometer, only with a difference of having a small reservoir in the tube,
as shown in Figures 2.9a and 2.9b.
Two Types of Differential Manometer
2. Inverted Differential U-tube Manometer
 is a device just as same that of U-tube differential manometer but is
inverted in construction.
 It measures pressure difference ∆P at two different points “A” and “B”
in a single pipe or different pipes, carrying two fluids of same or
different kinds.
 Inclined Tube Manometer
 is a differential pressure sensor more sensitive than the U-tube
manometer.
 it is more suitable for use with smaller pressure measurements or where
greater accuracy is required.
 One limb of the inclined tube
manometer forms into a reservoir.
 The other limb of the manometer is
inclined at a known angle θ.
 The inclined limb is made from a
transparent material such as glass or
plastic.
 The reservoir is usually made of plastic,
but does not need to be transparent.
 The surface area of the fluid in the
reservoir A1 is much larger than the
surface area of the fluid in the inclined
limb A2.
 Mechanical Gages
 Bourdon tube pressure gauge
 The Bourdon tube pressure gauge, named after Eugène Bourdon, is probably
the most popular pressure sensor.
 It uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to change to a more circular
cross-section when pressurized.

 As the pressure is decreased, the tube starts to return to its atmospheric pressure
position.
 When pressure is applied, the movement of the tube is fairly small, so to increase
the movement of the pointer it is mechanically amplified.
 Bellow Gauge
 are differential pressure sensing devices mainly used in low pressure
ranges of about 0 to 1000 pascals.
 The bellows are made of a thin copper alloy tube pressed into a
corrugated shape.

 When pressure is applied via the hole, the bellows expand a

distance d. This displacement can be calibrated in terms of
pressure.
 Bellows should not be used in an environment where they may be
subjected to vibration or shock. Their accuracy is also affected by
temperature changes.

 An example of the use of bellows is in control applications, for closing

valves in a pipe when a critical pressure is reached.
 Aneroid barometer
 The word aneroid simply means something which does not contain
liquid, and so distinguishes this type of barometer from the liquid in
glass type.
 The aneroid barometer, shown here, senses atmospheric pressure
changes by means of a sealed metal capsule.

 One or two faces of the capsule

are diaphragms.
 The capsule contains a partial
vacuum.
 Because the pressure inside the
capsule is lower than atmospheric
pressure and constant, it is sensitive
to changes in atmospheric
pressure.
 If atmospheric pressure increases,
the diaphragms move and the
capsule flattens.
 Diaphragm Gauge
 A second type of aneroid gauge uses the deflection of a flexible
membrane that separates regions of different pressure.
 The amount of deflection is repeatable for known pressures so the
pressure can be determined by using calibration.

 The deformation of a thin diaphragm is dependent on the difference

in pressure between its two faces.
 The reference face can be open to atmosphere to measure gauge
pressure, open to a second port to measure differential pressure, or
can be sealed against a vacuum or other fixed reference pressure to
measure absolute pressure.
 McLeod gauge
 It isolates a sample of gas and compresses it in a modified mercury
manometer until the pressure is a few mmHg.
 The gas must be well-behaved during its compression (it must not
condense).
 The technique is slow and unsuited to continual monitoring, but is
capable of good accuracy.
 0.1 mPa is the lowest direct measurement of
pressure that is possible with current
technology.
 Other vacuum gauges can measure lower
pressures, but only indirectly by
measurement of other pressure-controlled
properties.
 These indirect measurements must be
calibrated to SI units via a direct
measurement,
 Capacitive pressure sensors
 use the electrical property of capacitance to measure the displacement
of a diaphragm.
 The diaphragm is an elastic pressure sensor displaced in proportion to
changes in pressure.
 The diaphragm consists of a thin plate of metal alloy, such as stainless
steel or brass.
 This diagram shows how it displaces when a pressure is applied to it.
 It is a differential pressure sensor, because it is subject to atmospheric
pressure.
 Piezoelectric pressure sensor
 These sensors are similar to capacitive pressure sensors in that they
detect pressure changes by the displacement of a thin metal or
semiconductor diaphragm.
 In a pressure sensor using the piezoelectric effect, the diaphragm
causes a strain on the piezoelectric crystal when flexing due to pressure
changes.
 It operates at high temperatures and can be made small in size.
 Their main advantage is that they have a fast response and fairly wide
operating range.
 BAROMETERS
 is a pressure sensor specifically used to measure atmospheric pressure.
 They are mainly used for meteorological purposes.
 High atmospheric pressure is usually associated with fine weather while
low pressure usually predicts poor weather.
 Calibration

 Many instruments have been invented to measure pressure, with

different advantages and disadvantages.
 Pressure gauges are either direct- or indirect-reading.
 Hydrostatic and elastic gauges measure pressure are directly
influenced by force exerted on the surface by incident particle flux,
and are called direct reading gauges.
 Thermal and ionization gauges read pressure indirectly by measuring a
gas property that changes in a predictable manner with gas density.
 Indirect measurements are susceptible to more errors than direct
measurements.