Safety In

Electricity

1
 Primary Hazards
 Electric shock
 Electric fire & explosion
 Electric flash
 Electric burns

2
 Electric Shock

 It is sudden & accidental stimulation of the

body’s nervous system by electric current. It
is the result of passage of electric current
through the human body

3
 Severity of Shock Depends -

 Duration of flow
 Amount of current
 Path of flow of current
 Type of energy

4
 Body Resistance
Body area resistance (ohms)

Dry skin 1,00,000 to 6,00,000

Wet skin 1000

Internal body -
Hand foot 400 to 600
Ear to ear (about) 100
5
 Person
P in touch
POWER
SOURCE with
live wire
N

•I = V/R
= 230 / 100000 A (Dry Condition)
= 0.0023 A
= 2.3 mA

•I = 230 / 5000 (Wet Condition)

= 0.046 A
6
= 46 mA
Effect of Electric Current on Human Body

EFFECT ON HUMAN –
50Hz
Shock, Let – go border line <= 10 mA
of painful shock, Muscles >= 10 mA
still under control
Muscle control affected 15 mA
Breathing difficulties start 20 mA
Severe shock & possible
death due to rapid, 50 mA
uncoordinated series of
contraction of heart > 3 sec.
muscles causing irregular
heart beat & possible
death
7
 How Shock Occurs
 By simultaneously touching the phase and
neutral conductor thus completing the
circuit through his body
Y

ALTERNATOR
B
LOAD HAVING
METALLIC BODY

R
N

8
2. By touching the phase conductor and
standing on the ground

ALTERNATOR
B
ELEC. EQPT.HAVING
METALLIC BODY

9
3. By touching a metallic part that has become
live by itself being in contact with an
energised wire
Y

ALTERNATOR
B
ELEC. EQPT.HAVING
METALLIC BODY

10
 Shock Protection Methods

 Isolation
 Current limitation
 Low voltage
 Double insulation
 Earthing

11
 Isolation
 All electrical equipment should be isolated
from accidental contact & approach by
unauthorised men. Providing barrier
 Panel boards, generators, large motors,
batteries should be enclosed
 Low & medium voltage OH lines should be
kept 19’ above the ground

12
 Isolation Switches
 The switches should be connected in phase only
 The switches should be easy and free to operate
 Body of the metallic switches should be earthed
 Every DB should be provided with a switch
 It is advisable to keep switch as near as possible to the
work-place
P
POWER
SOURCE
N

 If switch is connected in neutral, the person, who repairs

the equipment, could get shock though the supply is cut
13
using the switch.
 Isolation Transformer

 Power can be tapped from isolation transformer

 Avoids shock between earth and phase

SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER

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 Low Voltage
24V hand lamps.

By earthing the mid point of a single phase transformer, the

line to earth voltages are reduced to 115V while the full
supply(230) is available to the apparatus.

CENTRE TAPPED
TRANSFORMER
115V

230V

15
 Double Insulation

•Another insulation added.

•Double insulated power tools have non-metallic
body
•Need not be earthed (two point plug is sufficient)

Insulation

Functional Protective

16
Electrical Safety
Site requirements

17
 Check in General for
 Neutral earthing (In case of X-mer or DG)
 Protective shed
 Body earthing
 Earth pit for body earthing
 Earth resistance
 Fuses
 Loose connection of cable
 Housekeeping
 Fire extinguisher and type 18
Sub Distribution Board

ELCB
63 A
30 mA

19
 PLUG TOPS
• Plug tops should be used to avoid shock danger.

• Three point plug in case of metallic body hand

tools and two point plug in case of double
insulated hand tools.

METALLIC BODY

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HAND TOOL
 Earthing

NEUTRAL EARTHING EQUIPMENT EARTHING

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 Earthing Scheme for Construction Power
Facilities

CLIENTS
EARTH ELECTRODE
EARTH ELECTRODE DRG NO. STD/GRD/021
50 X 6 G.I. FLAT

MAIN DB INTERCONNECTION WITH

CLIENTS EARTH GRID
25 X 3 G.I. FLAT

SUB - DB
PIPE EARTH PIPE EARTH
NO. 8 SWG G.I. WIRE DRG NO. STD/CONP/002

FDB
PIPE EARTH PIPE EARTH

EARTH CONTINUITY CONDUCTOR

(SEPARATE OR AS THIRD / FOURTH CORE
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 Details of Earthing Station With GI Pipe
RCC SLAB (WITH IDENTIFICATION
229 338 229 MARKING)
FUNNEL

GROUND LEVEL
4” 

305 BRICK IN LIME

STRIP
OR CEMENT

200
EARTH LEAD EARTH LEAD

DRG NO. STD/GRD/024

CHARCOAL OR COKE IN
38 NB POWDER FORM MIXED
GI PIPE WITH SALT & CLAY
2700mm LONG

2500 (MIN.)

12  HOLE
NOTE: SUFFICIENT WATER TO BE x x
POURED INTO SUMP TO KEEP
SOIL SURROUNDING EARTH PIPE SECTION ‘X’ - ‘X’
PERMANENTALY MOIST
150 150
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 TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTHING - SIZE OF
EARTH LEAD
TRANSFORM ELECTROLYTIC INSULATED (PVC) G. I.
ER RATING BAREE SINGLE CORE CONDUCTOR OR
COPPER STRANDED STRIP
CONDUCTOR ALUMINIUM
OR STRIP
50 KVA AND 8 SWG 16 SQMM 1” * 1/8” (25 mm
BELOW * 3 mm)
75 KVA 8 SWG 25 SQMM 11/2” * ¼” (40
mm * 6 mm)
100 KVA 4 SWG 35 SQMM “
150 KVA 2 SWG OR 1” * 70 SQMM “
1/16”
200 KVA 1” * 1/16” 95 SQMM “
250 KVA “ 150 SQMM “
300 KVA “ 225 SQMM “
500 KVA 1“ * ¼” 300 SQMM 2” * ¼” (50 mm *
6 mm)
750 KVA 11/2” * 1/4 2*225 SQMM OR ABOVE 500 KVA
1*500 SQMM ONLY Cu OR Al 24
TO BE USED
 EQUIPMENT EARTHING - SIZE OF EARTH LEAD
(Transformers, Motors, generators, Switch gears
etc.)
Rating of 400 V 3 phase Size of Earthing Conductor
50 cycles equipments in Bare copper Aluminium PVC Galvanised
KVA insulated Iron
UPTO 5 (4 KW) 14 SWG 6 SQMM 7/22
6 TO 15 (4.8 TO 12 KW) 10 SWG 16 SQMM 8 SWG
16 TO 50 (13 TO 40 KW) 10 SWG 16 SQMM 1” * 1/16”
51 TO 75 (41 TO 60 KW) 8 SWG 25 SQMM 1” * 1/16”
76 TO 100 (61 TO 80 KW) 6 SWG 35 SQMM 1” * 1/8”
101 TO 125 (81 TO 100 KW) 4 SWG 50 SQMM 1” * ¼”
126 TO 150 (80 TO 100 KW) 2 SWG OR 1” * 70 SQMM 1” * ¼”
1/16”
151 TO 200 (121 TO 160 1” * 1/16” 70 SQMM 11/2” * ¼”
KW)
201 & ABOVE (161 KW & 1” * 1/8” 185 SQMM 2” * ¼”
ABOVE) 25
 Fuses
 Fuses are proven safety devices for
overload conditions
 Check the fuses for their current ratings
 Never replace fuse wire with ordinary
copper or aluminium wire
 High rupturable cartridge (HRC) fuses are
now a days easily available and has
advantages over traditional fuses

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 ELCB WORKING PRINCIPLE
No fault Condition I1 = I2
Fault Condition I1 > I2 (I1 = I2 + IP)
T
Tripping Condition IP > 30 mA

EQUIPMENT

L
I1

I2 Ip
N

CORE BALANCE
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
27
 ELCB
(EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER)
 For portable power tools power supply is taken through
ELCB
 Saves persons from electric shock
Person in
touch with
POWER SWITCH faulty eqpt.
SUPPLY ELCB BOX
Having
elec.
Charges on
it”s body

 It opens the circuit when it senses leakage current from

earth. 28
 Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

 For portable power tools power supply should

be taken through ELCB
 ELCB’s OF 30 mA sensitivity , 63Amps, 3
poles
 Test the ELCB weekly and record it.

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 Causes of Electric fire
 Selection of improper/substandard equipment and
materials.
 Electrical installation not in accordance with statutory
regulations.
 Overloading of equipment.
 Maintenance negligence.
 Failure of insulation level.
 Damage due to rodents, termites and pests.
 Lightning.
 Water seepage.
 Static electricity.
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Failure of insulation level
Insulation failure occur due to following various reasons:-

i) Reduction in voltage with standing capacity because of

excess temperature.

ii) Deterioration in mechanical properties due to excess

temperature where the insulation is mechanically
vulnerable and the mechanical failure leading to electrical
failure of the insulation.

iii) Aging causes deterioration of the insulation.

iv) Sub-standard material are more prone to insulation

failure. 31
 Electric Burns
1. BURNS FROM ELECTRIC FLASH &
2. BURNS FROM ELECTRIC HEAT
 Chief causes are pushing of fuses inside switches,
explosion due to short circuit inside switches,
pressing of cables of portable machines & damage
to hand lamp cables
 Devices have been provided to protect injuries due
to above causes. High rupturable capacity fuses
are enclosed type. Covers are sealed and
mechanically interlocked
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 Electric Flash
 It is the result of the breaking of circuit of electric current
 Higher the current, slower the rate of separation of parts,
the greater is the flash
 It is the result of arcing
 Being a known hazard sufficient preventive measures are
taken to guard against it like magnetic blow out coil & arc
chutes
 Electric flash generally affect the eyes, if a person sees it
with his naked eyes. Personal protective equipment has to
be used
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 Cable Routing
 All electrical cables should be run either
overhead (7 feet) or underground
 Cable routing layout map to be prepared so
that it does not cause tripping hazards
 Welding and power cables not to be
overlapped

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Cables
 Single phase supply
 Phase - red
 Neutral - black
 Earth - green

 Three phase supply

 Phases
 Red

 Yellow

 Blue

 Neutral - black
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 PROTECTING CABLES FROM
DAMAGES

• Protection against mechanical damages

• Protection against heat

• Cables should be laid away from welding

cables

36
Cable Joints
 Staggered joints

CABLE 1
3/4” 3/4” 3/4” 3/4”

CABLE 2
 Jointsare not to be overlapped
 One primary insulation and an overall
secondary insulation is to be done
 Proper insulation tape are to be used
 Jointing kit
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 Hand Lamps

 Only 24V hand lamps are to be used

 Hand lamps are to be enclosed by glass

surrounded by metal wire mesh

 Hand lamps used for confined space work

should be of all insulated type with no joints

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 Manpower

 Employ qualified electrician, preferably ‘B’

license holders
 Identification of the electrician - red helmet

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 Registers & Procedures
 Weekly ELCB check register
 Lockout / Tagout
 Permit system

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 Electrical Safety
 Employ qualified electrician, preferably ‘B’
license holders
 Display electrical equipment & cable
routing layout
 All electrical installation to be tested &
commissioned as per BIS codes and IER
 All DB’s should be covered
 Earthing of all electrical installations
 Regular maintenance
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
 Records to be maintained, ELCB
 Display caution boards
 Provide ELCB for portable
equipment
 24 V hand lamp
 Follow rules and regulations
 Follow safety measures
 Adopt protective system
 Insulation
 Regular inspection
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Any Questions ?

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