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3 Chapter3 Media Formulation
3 Chapter3 Media Formulation
3 Chapter3 Media Formulation
ECH 3201
CHAPTER 3: MEDIA FORMULATION
________________________________________
Nutrients for microorganism
Complex media
Defined media
Media optimization
INTRO
6
MEDIUM REQUIREMENTS
8
LARGE SCALE
Intro - Medium used in lab-scale/pilot plant-
scale, reasonably composed of pure
components, but not for commercial
production
Large-scale production medium should:
1. Cheap, easily available at consistent cost and
quality
2. Higher P, produce maximum amount of
product per unit of the substrate consumed
3. Rate of product formation should be high
4. Minimize the formation of undesired products
EXAMPLES OF FERMENTATION MEDIA
1. CARBON SOURCE
Normally provide by molasses, starches, cereal grains
(maize, potatoes and cassava)
sucrose, glucose, lactose
provides energy requirements for the medium
1. molasses-the cheapest, a by-product of the of sugar industry
2. corn starch
Organic sources:
• amino acids, proteins or urea
• pure amino acid- expensive, use some precursor to the
amino acid – metheonine and threonine (obtained from
soybean hydrolysate)
2. NITROGEN SOURCE
Nitrogen sources through proteins or amino acids –
organic sources
1. Corn steep liquor
2. Soya meal
3. Soya beans
4. Groundnut meal
5. Cotton seed meal
6. Fish meal
7. Casein hydrolysate
8. Slaughter house wastes
9. Yeast extract
10. Peptone
3. ENERGY SOURCE
Energy for biochemical reaction:
1. from oxidation of the medium constituents
2. from light
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – is the most important
compound in energy transformations in cells. It enables
some of the most unfavourable reactions to proceed at a
considerable rate.
Most organism are CHEMO-ORGANOTROPHS – get energy
from carbon sources
Photosyntetic bacteria and algae – avail light energy
Heterotrophs microorganisms - generate ATP by oxidation
organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, and
hydrocarbons
Autotrophs microorganisms - generate ATP by oxidation of
inorganic compound
3. ENERGY SOURCE
Autotrophic bacteria can produce their own food. ("Auto" means
"self" and "troph" means "nourishment.") Five common types of
autotrophic bacteria are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), green
sulfur bacteria, purple bacteria, methanogens and halophiles.
cynobacteria
Heterotrophic bacteria, yeast and fungi generate ATP –
oxidizing organic compounds.
Heterotrophic bacteria are a type of bacteria that take the sugars
they need to survive and reproduce from their environment, rather
than making the sugars themselves from carbon and hydrogen.
Autotrophic bacteria
(also known as autotrophs)
cycle between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
autotrophs can use carbon dioxide (co2) and water to form oxygen and complex organic
compounds, mainly through the process of photosynthesis. all organisms can use such compounds
to again form co2 and water through cellular respiration.
source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:auto-and_heterotrophs.png
4. MINERALS
Magnesium and phosphorous – important in
the medium - concerned with all energy
transport reactions involving ATP
Potassium, sulphur, calcium - are also
important, also found in significant quantities in
cells
Trace elements – iron, cobalt, copper, zinc,
manganese and molybdenum – are essential,
available in the medium ingredients as
impurities
4. MINERALS
MICRONUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY CELLS
Organism Media
Selection and
Improvement
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
What does the medium need to do?
Down
Biomass /
/o grow product
stream
processing
Types of Media
Crude media Defined media
1. Crude media is made up of Defined media are like those we use
unrefined agricultural products e.g. in the lab e.g. minimal salts
containing barley. medium.
Stagnant region
inside flask
STATUS
Solutions (pre-treatments):
1. Grinding.
2. Heat treatment (cooking, heat sterilization).
3. Chemical treatments.
Crude Media - Accessibility Problems
NOTE:
Crude ingredients often supply more
than one type of requirement, so, for
example the same ingredient may be
mentioned as a carbon source, nitrogen
source etc.
Foaming problems and Antifoams
• Sub-optimal fermentation
1. Poor mixing
2. Cells separated from medium
3. Product denatured
• Contamination
• Loss of bioprocessor contents - volume
Dealing with foaming problems
1. Effective
2. Sterilisable
3. Non toxic
5. Economical
Antifoams - Examples
• Silicones
1. Non metabolisable
2. More expensive
3. More persistant – continuing existence
• Less needed
• Could interfere with downstream processing
4. Often formulated with a metabolisable oil “carrier”
Mechanical Foam Breakers