Anatomy of the Ear

Supervisor :
dr. H. Oscar Djauhari, Sp.THT-KL

Presented by :
Yohanes Deni Brianto (2016 061 006)
Emerita Yeni Dwi Astuti (2016 061 007)
Of the Ear
Anatomy of

External ear
External Ear
•Auricle
•External Auditory Canal
(EAC)
•Meatus  tympanic
membrane
Auricle (Pinna)
External Auditory Canal
1/3 lateral : cartilaginous portion  contains cerumen-producing glands
& hair follicles

2/3 medial : bony portion  epithelial lining over the tympanic

membrane

Measures about 2,5cm in length and is curved in an S shape.

The mandibular condyle sits anterior to the bony portion of the

external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal).

The mastoid air cells sit behind the bony portion of the canal
External Auditory Canal
External Auditory Canal

• Ventral: articulatio mandibularis, a part of glandula parotis

• Dorsal : celluae mastoidea
• Cranial : fossa cranii media
Blood Supply and Innervation

• The posterior auricular artery

Blood • The anterior auricular branch of
the superficial temporal artery
Supply • The occipital artery

• Branches of the great auricular

nerve (from the cervical plexus)
Innervation • Auriculotemporal nerve (from
the 3rd division of trigeminal)
Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)

Tympanic
membrane
Pars tensa (radial
and circular
fibres)

Pars flaccida
(superior to the
lateral process of
malleus)
Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)

Thin membrane, 1 Protects the middle

Forms boundary ear space from
cm diameter, oval,
between external foreign material of
semitransparent
and middle ear. the EAC
membrane.

Changes acoustical Vibrates in response

energy into to sound.
mechanical energy.
Anatomy of

Middle ear
Tympanic cavity

Auditory ossicles

• Malleus
• Incus
• Stapes

Eustachian Tube

Muscles
• Tensor tympani muscle
• Stapedius muscle
Anterior  Eustachian tube Superior  Tegmen tympani
Posterior  Aditus ad antrum Inferior  Jugular vein

Lateral  Tympanic membrane

Tympanic Cavity

• Anteromedially :
Eustachian tube
• Posterolaterally :
Mastoid antrum
 Epitympanum Mesotympanum Hypotympanum

• Above the • At the level of • Below the level

tympanic the tympanic of the tympanic
membrane. membrane. membrane.
• Small and • Contains the • Hypotympanum
contains little air. round window, borders on the
• Contains the the oval window bulb of the
principal mass of with the stapes, jugular vein.
the auditory and the • Contains cells
ossicles. promontory (tympanic cells)
• Tympanic part of (bony that
the facial nerve prominence communicate
 boundary overlying the with the mastoid
between the basal turn of the air cells
epitympanum & cochlea).
mesotympanum
Auditory Ossicles.
Malleus Incus Stapes
(Hammer) (Anvil) (Stirrup)

• Attached by thin tendons to the intra-aural muscles

(tensor tympani and stapedius)
• Mobile chain of small bones across the tympanic
cavity, from the tympanic membrane to the oval
window
• Increase the force but decrease the amplitude of the
vibrations transmitted from the tympanic membrane
Muscle
M. Stapedius
• Pulls the stapes posteriorly
and tilts its base in the oval
window, thereby tightening
the anular ligament and
reducing the oscillatory range.
• It prevents excessive
movement of the stapes and
contracts in response to loud
sounds (Acoustic Reflex).
• Supplied by the facial nerve
(CN VII)
M. Tensor Tympani
• Pulls the handle medially,
tensing the tympanic
membrane and reducing the
amplitude of its oscillations.
• This action tends to prevent
damage to the internal ear
when one is exposed to loud
sounds
• Supplied by the mandibular
nerve (CN V3)
Eustachian Tube
 Connects middle ear to
nasopharynx. It opens posterior
to the inferior nasal meatus.

Not a part of Lined with

the hearing mucous
process. membrane

Eustachian
Tube
Normally closed The posterolateral third
except during of the tube is bony and
yawning or the remainder is
swallowing. cartilaginous.

Equalizes air pressure with the atmospheric

pressure, thereby allowing free movement
of the tympanic membrane
Blood Supply and Innervation

Blood Supply • Middle meningeal artery

 branches of • Ascending pharyngeal artery
the external • Maxillary artery
carotid artery • Stylomastoid artery).

• Glossopharyngeal nerve 
Innervation tympanic nerve
Anatomy of

Inner ear
 Inner ear

Cochlea Vestibule
(Hearing) (Balance)

Semicircularis
Utricle Saccule
Canalis

Posterior Anterior Lateral

Blood Supply

It runs with the

From the labyrinthine vestibulocochlear nerve
artery —> arises from through the internal
the anterior inferior auditory canal, where it
cerebellar artery or the divides into the
basilar artery. vestibular artery and
cochlear artery.
Cochlea

Snail-shaped Round Window –

organ (2 1/2 Oval Window – functions as the
turns) with a located at the pressure relief
series of fluid- footplate of the port for the fluid
filled tunnels; stapes; when the set into motion
converts footplate vibrates, initially by the
mechanical the cochlear fluid movement of the
energy into is set into motion. stapes in the oval
electrical energy. window.
Cochlea
Scala media
 endolymph

Scala vestibuli
 perilymph

Scala tympani
 perilymph
Cochlear Duct
vibrations of the base of the stapes

Waves of hydraulic pressure created in the perilymph of the vestibule ascend to the
apex of the cochlea by one channel, the scala vestibuli.

The pressure waves then pass through the helicotrema and then descend back to the
basal turn of the cochlea by the other channel, the scala tympani.

Here, the pressure waves again become vibrations, this time of the secondary tympanic
membrane

The energy initially received by the (primary) tympanic membrane is finally dissipated
into the air of the tympanic cavity.
Organ of Corti

• The end organ of hearing; contains stereocilia and hair cells. Stimulated to respond by
deformation of the cochlear duct induced by the hydraulic pressure waves in the perilymph
 Frequency-
specific :
• High pitch sounds =
base of cochlea
• Low pitch sounds =
apex of cochlea

Hair When the basilar

It generates
nerve impulses
Cell membrane moves,
a shearing action
between the
and sent to the tectorial
membrane and the
brain organ of Corti
causes hair cells to
bend.
Vestibular System

Consists of three
Shares fluid with
semi-circular Controls balance
the cochlea
canals

Contains the utricle and

No part in hearing saccule. The vestibule
features the oval window
process on its lateral wall, occupied
by the base of the stapes.
Semicircular The semicircular ducts open into
Ducts the utricle through five openings,
reflective of the way the
surrounding semicircular canals
open into the vestibule.
• Each semicircular duct has an
ampulla at one end containing a
sensory area, the ampullary crest
(L. crista ampullari).
• Function : recording
movements of the endolymph
in the ampulla resulting from
rotation of the head in the
plane of the duct.
Thank you!