Chapter 4 Kinematics of Fluid Motion

The slightest of shear stresses  cause

  fluid motion
An appropriat e inbalance of normal stress (pressure) 

In the chapter -
- discuss various aspects of fluid motion wi thout being concerned
with the actual force necessary to produce the motion,
i.e., consider the kinematics of the motion.

1
Kinematics of fluid motion - - (in this chapter)
- - the discussion of velocity and accelerati on of the fluid,
and the descriptio n and visualiz ation of its motion.

Dynamics of the motion - - ( in next chapter)

- - the analysis of the specific forces necessary to produce
the motion.

2
 §4.1 The Velocity field

In general,
fluid flows  a net motion of molecules from one point in space to
another point as a function of time.

We employ th e continuum hypothesis and consider fluids to be made up

of fluid particles that interact with each other and with th eir surroundin gs.
Each particle contains numerous molecules.

 We can describe the flow of a fluid in terms of motion of fluid particles

rather th an individual molecules.
This motion can be described in terms of the velocity & accelerati on of
the fluid particles.

3
At a given instant in time,
descriptio n of any fluid property (such as ρ , p , V , a  T)
= f ( fluid' s location ) = f ( spatial coordinate s)

field representa tion of flow.

For example,
T = T (x, y, z, t)

4
One of the most important fluid variable s is the velocity field
   
V (x, y, z, t ) = u(x, y, z, t ) i + v(x, y, z, t) j + w(x, y, z, t) k
   
V (x, y, z, t) = u i + v j + w k =< u, v, w >

 d rA 
VA = where r = position v ector
dt
 direction

V   speed
magntude  V  V  u  v  w
2 2 2

 
dV  a  accleratio n
dt

5
 Example 4.1
 V0  
Given : V  ( )( xi  yj ) where V0 and l are constants
l
Determine : (a) At what location is the flow field is the speed equal to V0
(b) Make a sketch of the velocity field in the first quadrant .

Solution :
 V  V 
V  0 xi  0 yj
l l
V V
 u  0 x; v   0 y
l l
 v v v
Magnitude of V  u 2  v 2  ( 0 x) 2  ( 0 y ) 2  0 x2  y2
l l l
V0
   ( )y
1 l y
Direction of V  V  tan  tan 1 ( )
(V0 x
). x
l

6
§4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Description

Two general approaches in analyzing fluid mechanics problems

(1) Eulerian method - - - uses the field concept introduced above

- - the fluid motion is given by completely prescribin g the necessary properties
(p,  , v, etc.)  f(space, time)
- - obtain informatio n about the flow in terms of what happens at fixed points in
space as the fluid flows past thos e points

(2) Lagrangian method

- - The fluid particles are " tagged " or identified , and their properties determined as
the y move.
- - involves following individual fluid particles as they move about and determined how the
fluid properties associated with th ese particles change as a function of time.

7
In fluid mechanics

use Eulerian method
Lagrangian informatio n 
 Eulerian data
8
(data)  (informati on)
§4.1.2 One- , Two- , and Three- Dimensional flows
 
In general, V  V ( x, y, z , t )  u (t ), v(t , ) w(t ) 

Three dimensiona l flow

For example , the flow of air past an airplane wing.

In many situations , one of the velocity components may be small

(in some sense ) relative to two other components
 two - dimensiona l flow
 
V  V ( x, y, t )  u (t ), v(t ) 
or
 one - dimensiona l flow
 
V  V ( x, t )  u (t )
 
or V  V (r , t )  ur (t )
9
If one wishes to study the meandering of the river, it is necessary
to include three dimensiona l effect of flow.

If one wishes to know the flow rate in the river,

A simple one dimensiona l analysis may sufficient .

10
 §4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows

( ) ( ) ( )
 0at fix point steady state  0 or 0
t x x
( ) ( ) ( )
0 unsteady state  0 or 0
t x x
where ( )  fluid properties

11
§4.1.4 Streamlines , Streaklines , and Pathlines

In the visualiz ation and analysis of flow fields, use

Streamline s, Streakline s, and Pathlines

Streamline s
- -A line whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the velocity at that point
or
- -A line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant

   
V  u i  v j w k
   
d r  dx i  dy j  dz k
 
V // d r
dx dy dz dr
     ds
u v w V
where ds  parameter introduced

12
Method A dx dy dz dr
    ds
Integratio n of u v w V
dx dy

u v
dx dy
or  u  v etc.

13
 dx dy dz dr
    ds
u v w V
Method B
x  0 dx   uds  c1
x
dx  uds 
 Integration
 y  0 dy   vds  c2
y
dy  vds   
dz  wds z  0 dz   wds  c3
z

c1 , c 2 , and c3 can be obtained by using

the initial condition (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , t 0 ) at s  0
Then eliminate s to obtain the desired function
f(x, y, z, t) representing the streamline .

14
Flow Patten:
Streamlines; Streaklines; Pathlines; and Timelines
Streamline ( A line whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the velocity
at that point )
(or A line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant)
 
dr // v
 dx
dx dy dz dr  ds  u
    dx  uds
u v w v  dy 
   v  dy  vds
 ds  parameter introduced  ds 
 dz dz  wds
 ds  w

Integration

x   dx   uds  c1 
x x s
0  x0 0 uds
dx 
y  y s
y   dy   vds  c2  or  dy   vds

0 y0 0
z s
z   dz   wds  c3  z0 dz  0 wds
z

0 
c1 , c 2 , and c 3 can be obtained by using the initial
condition (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , t 0 ) at s  0
Then eliminate s to obtain th e desired function
f(x, y, z, t) representi ng the streamline . 15
Pathline (The trajecto ry of a single particle of fluid )

It is defined by integratio n of the relation between v elocity and

displaceme nt , such as
 dx
 dt  u ( x, y, z , t )
 dx  udt 
  dy
 dy  vdt or   v ( x, y , z , t )
dz  wdt  dt
  dz
 dt  w( x, y, z , t )

Integrate with respect t o time using condition (x 0 , y 0 ,z 0 , t 0 ) at s 0 .
Then , eliminate time to give the pathline function , f(x, y, z) .

16
Find the integratio n constants which cause the pathlines to pass through
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) at t  0
 x dx  t udt
x0 0
 y t
  dy   vdt
 0
y 0

 z dz  t wdt
z0 0
Then , eliminate t from the result to obtain th e pathline

17
Streakline (A line joining the instantane ous position of a succession
of particles which have issued from one source or passed
thro ugh one point)
(or the locus of particles which have earlier passed through
a prescribed point)
To compute the streakline , take the integrated result of the following eqs.
 dx
 dt  u ( x, y, z, t )  dx  udt  c1
  
 dy 
  v ( x , y , z , t )   dy   vdt  c 2
 dt 
 dz  dz   wdt  c1
 dt  w ( x , y , z , t )

Find the integratio n constants which cause the pathlines to pass through
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) for a sequence of times ξ < t.
 x dx  t udt
x0 
 y t
  dy   vdt

 0
y

 z dz  t wdt
z0  18
Then , eliminate  from the result to obtain th e streakline
Timeline
- - A set of fluid particles
that form a line at given instant

19
(a) Streamline - Easier to calculate mathematic ally
Pathline 

Streakline  Easier to generate experiment ally
Timeline 

(b)
Streamline 
Instantane ous lines .
Timeline 
Pathline 
Passage of line
streakline

(c) In steady flow

20
Streamline s  Pathlines  Streakline s
Example 8.1 (P.425 in R.A. Granger )
  
Given the velocity V  (1  t ) xi  (2  t ) yj
Find the equation of the
(a) Streamline
(b) Pathline , and
(c) Streakline .
Given tha t the common point all three is x  1, y  2, z  0 at t  0

21
Solution : (a) Streamline :
   dx dy dz
V  (1  t ) xi  (2  t ) yj    ds
u v 
u  (1  t ) x  dx  dx  dx
  u  ds  (1  t ) x  ds
  (1  t )ds
v  (2  t ) y  
 x

 dy  ds  dy  ds  dy  (2  t )ds
 v  (2  t ) y  y

Integration

 ln x  c1 (t )
 s

ln x  (1  t ) s  c1 (t )
1
 (1  t )
 

ln y  ( 2  t ) s  c2 (t ) s  ln y  c2 (t )
1


 (2  t )
ln x  c1 ln y  c2
 
(1  t ) (2  t )
 ( 2  t ) ln x  ( 2  t )c1 (t )  (1  t ) ln y  (1  t )c2 (t22)
 (2  t ) ln x  (1  t ) ln y  (1  t )c 2 (t )  (2  t )c1 (t )
 ln x ( 2t )  ln y (1t )  c3 (t )
x ( 2t )
 ln (1t )  ln c 4 (t )
y
x ( 2t )
 (1t )  c 4 (t )
y
Initial Condition x  1, y  2, z  0 at t  0
1
 c 4 (t )
2
x ( 2t ) 1
 (1t ) 
y 2
 y 1t  2 x ( 2t )

 
1
( 2  t ) (1 t )
 y  2x 23
(b) Pathline :
c1  0
 dx  dx  1
u  (1  t ) x   (1  t ) dt  dx c 2   ln y
 dt  dt x
  
v  dy (2  t ) y  dy (2  t )dt  1 dy  1 2
 dt  dt  y t  2 t  ln x        (i )

 1 2 2t  1 t 2  ln( y )      (ii )
t  2 t  ln x  c1    ( j )  2 2

2t  1 t 2  ln y  c    ( jj) eq.(ii )  eq.(i )
 2
2

Initial Condition x  1, y  2, z  0 at t = 0 t  ln( y )  ln x    (iii )

2

eq.(i ) and eq.(iii )

2
y 1 y 
ln( )  ln x  ln( )  ln x  ln x
2 
2 2 
2
1 y
ln( y )  ln x  ln( )  ln x
2 2  2 x 
2
y 1 y 
ln( )  2 ln x  ln( )  0 24
2 
2 2 x 
(c) Streakline
 dx  dx  1  t x1



u 
dt 

(1  t ) x 
dt 

(1  t ) dt 
x
dx 
 
(1  t ) dt  1 x
dx
   
v  dy (2  t ) y  dy 1
(2  t )dt  dy  (2  t )dt  1 dy
t y


 dt 
 dt 
 y 

 2 y

t
 t
t  2   ln x 1
x or From Eq.(j) and Eq.(jj)
 1 2


t  2 t  ln x  c1      ( j )
t
 t 2

2t    ln y 2
y

 2  
2t  1 t 2  ln y  c    ( jj)
1 2 2  2
 t  t    ln x 2
2 2
t2 2 x  1, y  2, z  0  t
2t   2   ln y  ln 2
2 2  1 2
     ln 1  c1
2

2  1  2  ln 2  c
 2
2

 1 2
c
 1    
2

c  2  1  2  ln 2
 2 2 25
Substituti ng c1 and c 2 above into Eq.(j) and Eq.(jj)
 1 2 1 2
t
 2  t  ln x    
2

2t  1 t 2  ln y  2  1  2  ln 2
 2 2
 1 2 1 2
t
 2  t  ln x        ( h)
 2
2t  1 t 2  ln y  2  1  2    (hh)
 2 2 2
Substituti ng Eq.(hhh) with Eq.(h)
1 2x 1 2x
t  t 2  ln x  t  ln  (t  ln ) 2
Eq. (hh) - Eq.(h) 2 y 2 y
y 1 2 2x 1  2 2x 2x 
t  ln  ln x   
2
x  ln x  ln  t  2t ln
y 2 y
 (ln ) 2 
y 
2
1 2x 1 2 2x 1 2x
y  t 2  ln x  ln  t  t ln  (ln ) 2
   t  ln  ln x 2 y 2 y 2 y
2 2x 2x 1 2x
 ln x  ln  t ln  (ln ) 2  0
2x y y 2 y
   t  ln      (hhh) For t0
y
2x 1 2x 26
 ln x  ln  (ln ) 2  0
y 2 y
Example 4.3
  y  
Given :V  u0 sin  (t  ) i  V0 j
 v0 
where u0 , v0 and  are constants
Determine :
(a) Streamline pass through origin (0,0) at t = 0 & t = /2
(b) pathline of the particle that wa s at origin (0,0) at t = 0 & t = /2
(c) streakline that passes through the origin (0,0) .

Solution :
  y  
V  u0 sin  (t  )  i  v0 j
 v0 

 y 
u  u0 sin  (t  )
 v0 
v  v0 27
  y 
u  u0 sin  (t  ) ; v  v0
 v0 
(a) Streamline - - method A

dx dy dx dy
  
u v  y  v0
u0 sin  (t  )
 v0 
 y   y 
 v0 dx  u0 sin  (t  ) dy  0 v0 dx  0 u0 sin  (t  )dy
x y

 v0   v0 
  y   v0 
y
u0v0  y  uv
 v0 x  u0  cos (t  ) ( )  v0 x  cos (t  )  0 0 cost
  v0     0   v0  
u0   y  
 x  cos (t  )  cost 
  v0  
u0  y 
t 0 x   cos( )  1
 v0 
u0    y  u y
t   x  cos (  )  0 sin( )
2    2 v0   v0 28
(a) Streamline - - method B

dx dy
  ds
u v
  y 
dx  uds  0 dx  0 u0 sin  (t  ) ds......1
x s

  v0 

  v ds......................2 
y s

 dy  vds  0
dy  0 0

from (2)
y  v0 s................................................(3)

eq.(1) & (3)

 v s 
x  0 dx  0 u0 sin t  0  ds  0 u0 sin(t  s )ds
x s s

 v0 

  t  s
t s 1
 u0 t sin  ( )d d  ds

1
ds  ( )d

u0 u0
 cos t s
 cos(t  s)  cost
t
t

u0  y 
t 0 x  
  
cos( ) 1
v0 
y
t 
u
 x  0 sin( )
2  v0 29
(b) Pathline
 dx   y 
 u 
dt  dx  udt  dx  u sin  (t  ) dt  (1)
 
0
  v0 
v  dy  dy  vdt dy  v dt  (2)
 dt  0

For t  0
From eq.(2)
dy  u0 dt  y  0 dy  0 v0t
y t

y  v0t (3)
eq. (1) & (3)
 y   vt 
dx  u0 sin  (t  ) dt  u0 sin  (t  0 ) dt  0
 y0   v0 


x

0
dx  0...  ...x  0(3a )
x  0 x  0
 pathline from eq.(3) & (3a)]  ....  for t  0..  ..
 y  v0 t y  0

30
For t = /2
y t
dy  v 0 dt  y   dy    v 0 dt
0
2

y  v 0 (t   )  (4)
2
eq. (4) & (1)
 vo (t   ) 
dx  u 0 sin  (t  2 ) dt
 v0 
 

dx  u 0 sin  t  (t  
2

) dt  u 0 sin(  
2
)dt

 dx  u 0 sin  dt...  ...dx  u 0 dt...  ... dx   u 0 dt

x t

2 0
2


 x  u 0 (t  )            (5)
2
 pathline
from.eq.(4) & (5)
y vo

x u0 31
(c) Streakline
 dx   y 
 u 
dt dx  udt dx  u0 sin  (t  ) dt (1)
     v0 
v  dy dy  vdt dy  v dt (2)
 dt  0

From eq. (2)

y t
y   dy   v0 dt...... for  t
0 

y  v0 (t   )  (3)
Form eq. (1) & (3)
 v (t   ) 
dx  u 0 sin  (t  0 ) dt
 v 0 
 u 0 sin  (t  t   )dt
 dx  u 0 sin(  )dt
x t
x   dx   sin(  )dt
0 

x  (sin  )(t   )  (4)

from eq. (3) & (4)

y v0

x sin 
32
This is the streakline equation
 §4.2 The Acceleration Field

Lagrangian descriptio n V (t ) Conversion

discussed    
in this section 
Fluid motion   F  ma
 Eulerian descriptio n V ( x, y, z, t )  a( x, y, z, t ) 

33
 §4.2.1 The Material Derivative
  
V A  V A (rA , t )

 V x A (t ), y A (t ), z A (t ), t 
xA yA zA
    
Location of moving particle  V A V A V A V A
dV A  dt  dx  dy  dz
 f (position , time) 
t

x

y

z

 dV A V A V V V
aA    u A A  v A A  wA A
dt t x y z
For any particle
    
 DV V V V V
a  u v w
Dt t x v z
Du u u u u
ax   u v w
Dt t x y z
Dv v v v v
ay   u v w
Dt t x y z
Dw w w w w
az   u v w 34
Dt t x y z
D         
 u v   (4.5)
t t x v z
This is termed the material derivative or substantia l derivative .
D      

Dt

t
 
 V     (4.6)

where    any fluid parameters, not just the acceleration.

D 
 Lagranigan descriptio n
Dt
 
 Local accelerationor local derivative
t
 
0 for steady flow
t
No change in flow parameters at a fixed point in space if
the flow is steady .
35

 
  due to the convective, or motion, 
V      Convective derivative 
 of the particle through space 

36
Example 4.5

V0  
Given : V  xi  yj  where v0 and l are cons tan ts
l

Determine : a  ?
Solution :
 v0  v0  v v
V  xi  yj  0 x,  0 y
l l l l
v0 v
note u  x, v   0 y
l l
      
 dv v v v v v v
a  u v w u v
dt t x y z x y

v
note : 0 w0
t
v   v  v   v    v  v 
 0 x  0 xi  0 yj     0 y   0 x0 i  0 yj 
l x  l l   l  y  l l 
2 2
 v0    v0  
    i    yj
l  l 
2 2
v x v y
 ax  02 ; ay  02 37
l l
 
magnitude of a

a  ax  a y  az
2 2 2

2
v 
 0  x 2
y 2
 1
2

 l 

direction of a
ay y
tan   
ax x

Velocity
 v 
V  u2  v2   2   0  x2  y2
 l 
direction
v y
tan   
u x

38
§4.3 Control volume and system Representations

A fluid behavior is governed by a set of fundamenta l physical laws

- - Conservati on of mass
- - Newton' s laws of motion
- - Law of thermody namics

There are various ways that th ese governing laws can be applied to
a fluid, including
- - the system approach, and
- - the control volume approach.

39
 Definition :
System - - a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same
atoms or fluid particles) , which may move, flow, and interact
with its surroundin gs.
Contorl volume - - a volume in space ( a geometric entity, independen t
of mass) through which fluid may flow.

System  - - - - -  Lagrangian flow descriptio n

[ we follow the fluid and observe its behavior as it moves about ]
Control volume  -  Eulerian flow descriptio n
[ we remain stationary and observe the fluid' s behavior at a fixed location ]
40
All of the laws governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic
form in terms of a system approach.

For example,
" The mass of a system remains constant "
or " The time rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to the
sum of all the force acting on the system. "

System  - - - - --  Control volume (This chapter)

41
 §4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem.

We need to describe the laws governing fluid motion using both

system concept (consider a given mass of the fluid) and
control volume concept (consider a given vol ume )

Relationsh ip between system 

.  The Reynolds transpor t theorem
& control volume concept 

42
   
B  fluid parameters (or fluid properties ), such as v , a , m, T , mv ......
b = amount of that parameter per unit mass, b = B/m
 B = bm ( b & B may be scales or vector s )
If B = m ( mass ) ==> b = 1
If B = 1/2 mV 2 ( kinetic energy) ==> b = 1/2 V 2
  
If B  m V ( momentum ) ==> b = V
If B  E ( energy ) ==> b = E/m  e

B = extensive property = f ( mass being considered )

 mass; momentum; energy; angular momentum
b = intersive property ≠ f ( mass )

For infinitesi mal fluid particle of size, δV

δV  0
m  dV
B  bm  bdV
Bsys  lim
v  0
 b (  V )  
i
i i i
sys
b dV
43
dBsys d (  bdV )

sys
 (4.8)
dt dt
dBC .V . d ( C .V . bdV )
  (4.9)
dt dt
dBsys dB
    Re ynolds..transport..theorem     C .V .
dt dt

Example 4.7
Discuss the difference s between
dBsys dBC .V .
and if B  mass
dt dt
Solution :
Bm

dBsys dmsys d (  dV )

   time rate of change of mass within the system
sys

dt dt dt
dBC .V . dmC .V . d ( C .V . dV )
   time rate of change of mass within the control volume.
44
dt dt dt
t0
Choose system to be the fluid within the tank at the time the valve
was opened (t  0)
control volume to be the tank itself.
t  0 (the valve is opened)
part of the system has moved outside of the C.V.
t he control volume remains fixed.
d (  dV )
0
sys

dt
d ( dV )
C .V .
0
dt

45
 §4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
At t=t
The system occupying the control volume
" Sys = C.V. "
At t = t + t
The system moving slightly to the right
l2  V2t
l1  V1t
" Sys = C.V. -Ⅰ Ⅱ "

Assume
(A) that the fluid flows across section (1) and (2) in a
direction normal to these surfaces and
(B) that v 1 and v2 are constants across section (1) and (2)

46
 At t =t
" Sys = C.V. "

At t = t + t
At t  t
" Sys = C.V. -Ⅰ Ⅱ "
Bsys (t )  Bcv (t )
At t = t + t
Bsys (t  t )  Bcv (t  t )  BI (t  t )  BII (t  t )
Bsys Bsys (t  t )  Bsys (t ) [ Bcv (t  t )  BI (t  t )  BII (t  t )]  Bsys (t )
  
t t t
Bcv (t  t )  Bsys (t ) BI (t  t ) BII (t  t )
   (note : Bsys (t )  Bcv (t ))
t t t
In the limit t  0
dBsys dBcv B (t  t ) B (t  t )
  lim I  lim II
dt dt t 0 t t 0 t
dBsys dBcv  
  B in  Bout This is the Re ynolds Transport Theorem
dt dt 47
dBsys dBcv   dBcv b1 1V b2  2V
  Bin  Bout   
dt dt dt t t
dBcv b1 1V1 A1t b2  2V2 A2t
  
dt t t
dBsys dBcv
   b2  2V2 A2  b1 1V1 A1 This is the Reynolds transpor t theorem
dt dt
dBcv Bcv B B B
  u cv  v cv  w cv
dt t x y z

Bcv B B
Note : u  v cv  w cv  0.... for... fixed..control..volume
x y z

dBsys Bcv
   b2  2V2 A2  b1 1V1 A1    (4.15)
dt t
dBsys Bcv
or   (bVA) out  (bVA) in    (4.15a )
dt t
Note :
dBsys
 The rate of change of B within the system
dt
Bcv
 The rate of change of B within the C.V.
t
(bVA) out  The flux of B passing out of the C.V.
(bVA) in  The flux of B passing into the C.V. 48
Example 4.8
Write the appropriat e form of the
Reynolds transpor t theorem for the flow.

Solution :
dBsys Bcv
  (bVA) out  (bVA) in
dt t
Bm , b 1
dmsys 
  dv  ( VA) out  0
dt t cv

t cv
dv  ( VA) out

 The mass in the tan k decreases in time is equal magnitude of flow out.

49
Arbitrary Control Volume
From Eq.(4.15a)
dBsys dBcv
  (bVA) out  (bVA) in    (4.15a )
dt dt
dBsys d
or   bd  b( VA) out  (bVA) in
dt dt cv
dBsys d

dt
 
dt cv
bd   b (V cos dA) out   b (V cos dA) in
cs cs

dBsys d    

dt
 
dt cv
bd   b
csout
 ( v  n )dA  
csin
b  ( v  n )dA

dBsys d  
dt cv cs
  bd  b  ( v  n )dA
dt
 
v  n  0 flow out of C.V
 
v  n  0 flow carried int o the C.V
50
51
 Arbitrary Control Volume

dBsys d

dt
 
dt cv
bd   b (V cos dA) out   b (V cos dA)in
cs cs

dBsys d    
dt cv  
  bd  b  ( v  n )dA  b ( v  n )dA
dt csout csin

dBsys d  

dt
 
dt cv
bd  
cs
b ( v  n )dA
 
v  n  0 flow out of C.V
 
v  n  0 flow carried int o the C.V

- - At first it appears to be a rather formidable mathematic al expression .

- - However , a physical understand ing of the concepts involved will
show that it is a rather straightfo rward , relatively easy - to - use tool.
- -Its purpose is to provide a link between control volume ideas and system ideas .

52
 Example 4.9 :
Given : Cars are driven into and out of a
certain neighborho od of a city as
is indicated as figure.
Use the Reynolds transpor t theorem to
discuss the time rate of change of the
number of cars within the neighborho od.

Solution;
C.V  " neighborho od"  2 - D Control Volume
N  the number of cars .
N sys  # of cars in a system
( or a collection of cars that moves about and coincides
with the cars in the neighborho od at some initial time t 0 )
N cv  # of cars in the neighborho od .
53
At t  t 0 , N sys  N cv
dNsys N cv  
  N out  N in
dt t

N out  the net rate at which cars leave the neighbor (cars/hr)

N in  the net rate at which cars enter the neighbor (cars/hr)
dNsys   
  cvndA   N i out   N i in
dt t i i

n  density of cars throughout the neighborho od, (f(x, y, z) (number of cars per acre))

Physically this states that th e rate at which the no. of cars in the system changes
with time is equal to the rate at which the number of cars in the neighborho od
changes with ti me, plus the net rate at which cars cross the neighborho od boundary.

54
If the number of cars in the system remains constant in time
( i.e., cars are neither created nor destroyed) , dN sys /dt  0

  ndA   Niout   Niin  0
t cv
i i


  ndA   Niout   Niin
t cv i i

The rate of increase of cars within a given neighborho od equals the

difference between t he rate at which they are driven into the neighborho od
and the rate that th ey are driven out.

55
§4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative

56
 ( )
For a steady flow 0
t
dBsys  
   b (v  n )dA
dt cs

for..B  m  b  1
dmsys  
   (v  n )dA
dt cs

dmsys
 0 (Conservati on of mass )
dt
 
  (v  n )dA  0 (net mass rate through t he c.s.)
cs

 
for B  mv  b  v

d (mv ) sys   
  v  (v  n )dA
dt cs
  
 F   v  (v  n )dA (net flux of momentum across the c.s)
cs
57
For an unsteady flow

( )
For an unsteady flow 0
t
dBsys   

dt
 
t cv
bdv  cs
b ( v  n )dA

dBsys   
  bdv if   (v  n )dA  0
dt t cv cs

58
For moving control volumes
dBsys dBcv  
   b (v  n )dA
dt dt cv

dBcv 
 control volume that moves, accelerate s and deforms [vcv  u , v, w ]
dt

dBcv Bcv B B B
  u cv  v cv  w cv
dt t x y z
Let

w  Relative velocity , that carries the fluid across the moving C.S.

v  Absolute velocity , that carries the fluid across the fixed C.S.
the fluid velocity as seen by a stationary observer in a fixed
coordinate system.
59
      
Wcv  V  Vcv or V  W  Vcv

If we put an observe coordinate s on control volume i.e. , Vcv  0
   dB B
then fluid velocity is W  V  Vcv  cv  cv
dt t
dBsys Bcv   
and    b[(v  vcv )  n ]dA (4.23)
dt t cv

60
Selection of a Control Volume

- -Any volu me in space can be considered as a control volume.

- -C.V. may be of finite size or infinitesi mal in size.
- -In most of our cases,
the C.V. will be a fixed, nondeformi ng volume.
In some cases, C.V. will be moved with constant velocity.

- -The ease of solving a given fluid mechanics problem is often var y

dependent upon the choice of the control volume used.
Only by practice can we develop skill at selecting the " best" control
volume . None are " wrong" , but some are " much better" than others.

61
- -Solution of a typical problem will involve determinin g parameters such
as velocity , pressure, and force at some point in the flow field.
* It is usually best to ensure that th is point is located on the control surface,
not " buried" within the control volume.
* The unknown w ill then appear in the convective term (the surface integral)
of the Reynolds transpor t theorem .
* If possible, the control surface should be normal to the fluid velocity so that
 
the angle  (v  n  v cos  ) in the flux term s will be 0 or 180 .
This will usually simplify the solution process.

62