Heat and Heat Measurements

Definition of Heat

Heat – a fundamental form of energy that can

be transformed from one form to another. It
can also be transferred from one point to
another by the virtue of the motion of the
molecules brought about by the difference in
temperature.
Unit mass – a scalar quantity of magnitude:
Cgs – 1 gm, mks – 1 kg, fps – 1 slug
Units of Heat Conversion
1 cal = 4.186 joules, 1BTU = 252 cal
Note:
1 calorie – the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gm of water by
1C ⁰.
1 kilocalorie – the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 kg of water
by 1C ⁰.
1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) – the amount of
heat needed to raise the temperature
of 1 slug of water by 1F⁰.
 2 Common Effects of Heat

1. Change in temperature
2. Change in Phase
Change in Temperature
m m
𝑡0 𝑡𝑓
Where:
𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄𝜟𝒕 m = mass of the body
C = specific heat
Δt = change in temperature
Heat Quantity (Q) – the total amount of heat
involved to change the temperature of the
total mass of the substance w/o a change in
phase. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑡
Specific Heat (c) – the amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by 1⁰. 1 gm of H 2O t  1C o 1 cal
1 kg of H 2 O t  1C o 1 kcal
1 slug of H 2 O t  1F o 1 BTU

1 gm of Al t  1C o 0.217 cal
Units and values of Specific Heat, C

Units CGS MKS FPS

C Cal/g-c⁰ Kcal/g-c⁰ BTU/slug-F⁰

Note: CGS/MKS
Cice 0.5
Cwater 1.0
Csteam 0.48
 Change in Phase
Fixed Points – points at which a substance will
have a change its phase without a
change in temperature.
Freezing Point/Melting Point

ice water

𝟎⁰ 𝑪 or 32⁰F 𝟎⁰ 𝑪 or 32⁰F

𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳𝒇 (+) heat gained or absorbed

(-) heat lost or released
 Boiling Point/Steam Point

steam

𝟏𝟎𝟎⁰ 𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟏𝟐0 𝑭 𝟏𝟎𝟎⁰ 𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟏𝟐0 𝑭

𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳𝒗 (+) heat gained or absorbed

(-) heat lost or released
Heat Quantity (Q) – the total amount of heat
involved to change the phase of the entire
mass of the substance w/o a change in
temperature.
Latent Heat (L) – the amount of heat needed to
change the phase of a unit mass of a
substance when no change in temperature
takes place.
• Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf) – the amount of
heat needed to change a unit mass of ice to
water or vice-versa at freezing point or
melting point.
• Latent Heat of Vaporization (Lv) – the amount
of heat needed to change a unit mass of water
to steam or vice-versa at boiling point or
steam point.
Values of Latent Heat
Values of L cgs mks fps

𝐿𝑓 80 cal/g 80 kcal/kg 144 BTU/slug

𝐿𝑣 540 cal/g 540 kcal/kg 972 BTU/slug

Calorimetry – the measurement of heat
quantities using a calorimeter

At thermal equilibrium (tmix), all bodies (stirrer,

calorimeter, H2O and metal) will have the same
temperature.
Principle of calorimetry
Hotter bodies – will give off heat
Colder bodies – will absorb heat

By conservation of heat energy

Heat lost by hotter body = heat gained by
colder bodies

𝑸 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑸 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
By conservation of heat energy

𝑸 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑸 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅

 Qm  Qs  Qc  Qw
Q  mct

 mm cm t m  ms cs t s  mc cc t c  mw cw t w

t m  t mix  t m ; t s  t c  t w  t mix  t w

mm cm (t m  t mix )  ms cs  mc cc  mw cw t mix  t w 

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1.How much heat is needed to change 10 g of ice at -
20oC to steam at 110oC assuming no heat is lost due
to the surrounding? Ans. QT = 7350 cal

2. It is found out that 100 kcal of heat is just sufficient in

changing a certain amount of ice at -20oC to steam at
130oC. Determine the mass of the ice. Ans. m =
0.13 kg

3. 100 g of ice at 0oC are dropped into 381.4 gm of water

at 30oC contained in a 200 gm copper calorimeter (c =
0.093 cal/gm-Co). The final temperature is 8oC. Find
the heat of fusion of ice. Ans. Lf = 80 cal/g
4. A beaker of very small mass contains 500 g of water
at a temperature of 80oC. How many grams of ice at
a temperature -20oC must be dropped in the water
so that the final temperature of the system will be
50oC?
Ans. m = 107.14 g
5. A copper calorimeter (c = 0.093) whose mass is 120 g
contains 350 g of water at 20oC. Into these are
dropped simultaneously 200 g of aluminum (c = 0.22)
at 70oC and 150 gm of lead (c = 0.031) at 90oC. Find
the final temperature of the mixture. Ans. tmix =
26.16oC
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. A glass containing water is initially of temperature 20⁰C.
The mass of the glass is 100 g and of specific heat 0.16
cal/g-c ⁰ and water is of mass 200 g. If 4 cubes of ice each
of mass 15 g will be added to the glass of water, solve for
a) The temperature of the mixture
b) The mass of ice remaining if any
7. Determine how many calories of heat must be removed
to change 100g of vapor at 210⁰C to solid at 10⁰C.
Consider the following properties of the substance: heat
of fusion = 1000 cal/g, heat of vaporization = 200 cal/g,
specific heat capacity as a liquid = 0.75 cal/g, melting
point at 10 ⁰C and boiling point of 210⁰C.