PHY11 Lesson 9

Fluid Mechanics
Fluids in Motion
Ideal Fluids in Motion

ideal fluid – an incompressible fluid that has a steady and

nonviscous flow.

flow line – path of an

individual particle in a
moving fluid.

steady flow – flow

pattern that does not
change with time.

streamline – a curve whose tangent at any point is in the

direction of fluid at that point.

flow tube – flow lines passing through the edge of an imaginary

element of area.
The Equation of Continuity

“The mass of a moving fluid does not change as it flows.”

Consider an element of fluid in a flow

tube.

dm1  dm2

dV1  dV2

A1v1dt  A2 v2 dt

A1v1  A2 v2
The Equation of Continuity
volume flow rate - the rate at which a volume of fluid crosses
a section of the tube.

dV
 Av
dt
mass flow rate - the rate at
which a mass of fluid crosses a
section of the tube.

dm dV
  Av
dt dt
Example 1

(a)

dm
dt
 
 850 mkg3 9.5 x10 3 m3
s
  8.1 kg
s

(b) The volume flow rate does not change.

Bernoulli’s Equation
Consider a volume element dV of a flowing
ideal fluid.
At time dt, the fluid in section 1 travels a
distance ds1 and ds2 at section 2.

work done on the fluid:

dW  p1 A1ds1  p2 A2 ds2

dW   p1  p2 dV
change in kinetic energy
of the fluid:

dK  12 dmv2  12 dmv1
2 2


dK  12 dV v2  v1
2 2

Bernoulli’s Equation
change in potential energy of the fluid:

dU  dm g y2  dm g y1

dU  dVg  y2  y1 

Work-Energy Theorem: dW  dU  dK

 p1  p2 dV  12 dV v2 2  v12  dV  y2  y1 

 p1  p2   1
2  v 2
2 2

 v1  g  y2  y1 

p1  12 v1  gy1  p2  12 v2  gy2

2 2
Bernoulli’s Equation

p1  v1  gy1  p2  v2  gy2

1 2 1 2
2 2

p  12 v 2  gy  cons tan t

If the fluid is at rest:

p1  gy1  p2  gy2
For a horizontal flow tube:

p1  12 v1  p2  12 v2
2 2
Example 2

flow speed:

pressure: p2  3.3x105 Pa

volume flow rate:

Torricelli’s Theorem: Speed of Efflux
Consider a tank of cross-
section A1 filled with a liquid to
a height h.
Consider a hole (of cross-
section A2) at the side of the
tank where the liquid escapes
with a speed of v2. v2
If A1 >> A2, then v10.

p1  12 v1  gy1  p2  12 v2  gy2

2 2

patm  0  gh  patm  12 v2  0

2

v2  2 gh
Torricelli’s Theorem:
The speed of efflux from an
opening a distance h below the
top surface of the liquid is the
same as the speed a body
would acquire in falling freely
through height h.
v2

v2  2 gh

volume flow rate:

dV
 A2 2 gh
dt
Example 3: The Venturi meter
A Venturi meter is a device used to measure the flow speed
in a pipe.
Derive an expression for the
flow speed v1 in terms of the
cross-sectional areas A1 and A2
and the difference in height h of
the liquid levels in the two
vertical tubes.

p1  12 v1  p2  12 v2
2 2


p1  p2  12  v2  v1
2 2

 A
2
2

p1  p2  2   2 v1  v1 
1 1 2

 A2 
 A
2
 2 gh

p1  p2  2 v1  2  1
2

v1 
1 1

1


A
2
 A2

gh  2 v1  2  1
2
1

  1
A1 2
A2
 A2 
Example 4

(a) 3
0.750 ms
dV v 
 Av
m
472
dt  (0.045m) 2 s

(b) 3
0.750 ms
v  52.4 m
 (0.135m) 2 s

4
Example 5

p1  12 v1  gy1  p2  12 v2  gy2

2 2


p2  p1  12  v1  v2
2 2

 
p2  p1  12 1.2 mkg3 70 ms   60 ms   780 Pa
2 2

 
F   p2  p1 A  780 Pa  16.2m 2  12600 N , upward
Example 6

(a) y1 v1
p1
 
4 3
dm kg 220(3.55 x10 m )
 1000 m3  1.30 kgs
dt 60 s y2 v2
p2
(b)
dV 220(3.55 x10 4 m 3 )
  1.30 x10 3 m3
s
dt 60 s
Example 6

y1 v1
(c) 4
(2 x10 m )v1  1.30 x10
2 3 m 3
s p1
y2 v2
v1  6.50 m
s v2  1.63 m
s p2

(d)
 
p1  152kPa  12 (1000 mkg3 ) 1.63 ms   6.50 ms   (1000 mkg3 )(9.8 sm2 )(0  1.35m)
2 2

p1  119kPa
Example 6

(a)
Example 6

(b)