INTRODUCTION TO SETS

{} 
 Prime
Numbers

 
 Odd Even


Numbers Numbers



Warm-Up:

Based on the diagram, what is the total number of

students who did participate in volleyball?

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 Sets A B C {}
A SET is a collection of objects that have
common characteristics. They can be
numbers, words or things.

SETS are named using a capital letter.

ELEMENTS are listed inside brackets.

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}

B = {square, rectangle, trapezoid, rhombus, parallelogram}

C = {desk, chair, students, whiteboard, computer, teacher}

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Examples - set

The collection of counting numbers is a

set.
 Each counting number is an element of
the set.

The collection of pencils in your

briefcase is a set.
 Each pencil in your briefcase is an element
of the set.

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Ways off Defining Sets

 LISTING
A= 1,2,3,4,5,6
 DISCRIPTION
“A is the set of all integers from 1
to 6, inclusive”
 SET BUILDER NOTATION
{variable | descriptive statement }.

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 Types of Set Notation:
•Description Notation (describes the set)
I = the set of integers
A = the set of odd numbers less than 20
•Listing(lists the elements of the set)
I = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
•Set Builder Notation (gives the property
that defines each element)
I = {x|x is an integer}
A = {x|x is an odd whole number less than 20}

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PG 162

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Element (of a Set)  
An ELEMENT of a set is a member of the
set.

The symbol “” means “is a member of”

and the symbol “” means “is not a
member of”
7A
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
10  A

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NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET

THE NOTATION USED TO DENOTE THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS

IN A SET IS n(A).

EQUAL SETS
IF TWO OR MORE SETS CONTAIN EXACTLY THE SAME
ELEMENTS, THEN ALL THE SETS ARE EQUAL SETS. THE ORDER
OF THE ELEMENTS ARE NOT IMPORTANT.

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•Equal Sets: two sets that contain the same
elements but not necessarily in the same order
A = {c, 0, 1, d}
B = {d, 1, 0, c}

•Equivalent Sets: two sets that contain the

same number of elements
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {4, 5, 6}

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Empty or Null Set {} 
An EMPTY OR NULL SET is a set that
contains no elements.

The symbols “{} or ” stand for an empty

or null set.

FOR AN EMPTY SET n(A)=0

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PG 164 &PG 165

LIST ALL THE ELEMENTS AND FIND THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS

FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SETS.

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Subset (of a Set)  
A SUBSET of a set is a set that contains
some or all of the elements of the set, but
no other elements.

The symbol “” means “is a subset of” and

the symbol “” means “is not a subset of”.

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} BA

B = {3, 5, 7}
C = {1, 2, 3, 4} CA

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UNIVERSAL SET & COMPLEMENT OF A SET

Universal set
The set containing all elements under discussion for a
(ℰ).
certain situation
That is a set from which elements may be considered. (The
notation comes from the French word ensemble).

Complement
If ℰ is universal set and A is a subset of ℰ, then the
complement of a set A, denoted by A’, is the set of all
elements not in A.

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 More Practice:

 ℰ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is the universal

set and
A = {2, 3}. What is A′?
 ℰ = {a, b} is the universal set and
T = {a}. What is T′?
 ℰ = {+, -, x, ÷, =} is the
universal set and
A = {÷, =}. What is A′?
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Pg 166
FIND THE COMPLEMENT FOR EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING SETS

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VENN DIAGRAM
Venn diagrams show relationships between sets and their
elements using geometrical shapes such as circles, triangles
and rectangles.

Sets A & B

Universal Set

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Subset (of a Set)  
If all the elements of one set A are also elements of another
set B, then B is said to be a subset of A. This is written as

A B

BA

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 What?!?
Find the Subsets

 What are all the subsets of {3, 4, 5}

{} or Ø

{3}, {4}, {5}

{3,4}, {3,5}, {4,5}

{3,4,5}

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PG 167

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PG 167

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PG 169

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PG 169

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