Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ericsson - LTE Architecture, KPIs and Troubleshooting - Aircom
Ericsson - LTE Architecture, KPIs and Troubleshooting - Aircom
Ericsson - LTE Architecture, KPIs and Troubleshooting - Aircom
Reasons and remedies for poor KPI are based on experience and and are not be limited
to the ones suggested in the subsequent slides. Similarly the target / thresholds may
vary from operator to operator.
The specific KPI equations used in the slides are for Ericsson system and are built using
Ericsson L11 PM counters.
2. Accessibility
2.1 Random Access
2.2 RRC
2.3 S1 Signaling Connection
2.4 E-RAB
2.5 KPI formula and equation
3. Retainability
3.1 UE Session Time
3.2 MME Initiated E-RAB & UE Context Release with counters Description
3.3 RBS Initiated E-RAB & UE Context Release with counters Description
3.4 MME & RBS Initiated E-RAB Release Flow Chart
3.5 MME & RBS Initiated UE Context Release Flow Chart
5. Mobility
5.1 Intra LTE Intra MME Intra eNodeB
5.2 Intra LTE Intra MME Inter eNodeB (X2 based handover)
5.3 Inter LTE Inter MME (S1 Based Handovers)
5.4 IRAT (Inter Radio Access Technology)
5.5 Inter Frequency Mobility
5.6 Counters
5.7 KPI formula and equations
6 Availability
6.1 Counters
6.2 KPI formula and equation
Evolved UTRAN (eNodeB) : The eNodeB supports the LTE air interface
Mobility Management Entity (MME): The MME manages mobility, UE identities and security
Parameters
Serving Gateway (SGW): The Serving Gateway is the node that terminates the interface towards
EUTRAN. For each UE associated with the EPS, at a given point of time, there is one single Serving
Gateway.
PDN Gateway (PGW): The PGW is the node that terminates the SGi interface towards the PDN. If a UE is accessing
multiple PDNs, there may be more than one PGW for that UE. The PGW provides connectivity to the UE to
external packet data networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE. The PGW performs policy
enforcement, packet filtering for each user, charging support, lawful Interception and packet screening.
S1-C: Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U: Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunneling and inter eNodeB path switching during
handover
S5: It provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE
mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDNGW for the required PDN connectivity
S6a: It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface)
between MME and HSS.
Gx: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW. The
interface is based on the Gx interface.
Gxa: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy information from PCRF to the Trusted Non-3GPP accesses.
Gxc: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy information from PCRF to the Serving Gateway
S9: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local
breakout function.
S10: Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer.
SGi: It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data network may be an operator external public or
private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi
for 3GPP accesses.
X2: The X2 reference point resides between the source and target eNodeB
Accessibility includes RRC, S1 and E-RAB establishment success rate. For cells
reporting poor CSSR stats for a continuous span of time, success rate of each
sub metric must be analyzed individually.
• Poor coverage.
Parameter qRxLevMin can be decreased to resolve.
• High UL interference
UE reads the system information broadcast in the cell and performs DL/UL synchronization.
UE then requests RRC Connection setup. Once completed, eNB then forwards NAS Service
Request in Initial UE Message to MME. MME then carries out Authentication process
(optional) and requests eNB to establish the S1 UE context. eNB then activates security
functions.
Later Radio Bearers are setup to support EPS bearers in RRC Connection Reconfiguration
messages.
After successfully establishing the bearers, eNB responds to the MME with Initial Context
Setup Response
MME then sends Modify Bearer Request to update SGW with IP address etc. for the DL of
the user plane.
1) Random Access
3) S1 Signalling setup
4) ERAB Establishment
• The UE sends the RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE message to the eNodeB.
(Message contents: PLMN, NAS message i.e. Attach Request)
RRC connection completed
Pseudo Formula
CSSR = RRC connection establishment SR * S1 Signalling Conn Estb SR * Initial ERAB estab SR
Also the retainability can be expressed as the percentage of abnormal releases of the total
established calls, precisely known as Dropped Call Rate.
It shows the accumulated active session time in a cell for the measurement period.
Number of session seconds aggregated for UEs in a cell. A UE is said to be ‘in session’ if any
data on a DRB (UL or DL) has been transferred during the last 100 ms.
pmErabRelAbnormalEnbAct The total number of abnormal E-RAB Releases initiated by the RBS and that there was data in either the UL or DL
The total number of normal E-RAB Releases initiated by the RBS. The counter is stepped regardless of whether data was
pmErabRelNormalEnb or was not lost in UL/DL buffers.
pmErabRelNormalEnbAct The total number of abnormal E-RAB Releases initiated by the RBS and that there was data in either the UL or DL
The total number of abnormal UE Context Releases initiated by the RBS. The counter is stepped regardless of whether
pmUeCtxtRelAbnormalEnb data was or was not lost in UL/DL buffers.
pmUeCtxtRelAbnormalEnbAct The total number of abnormal UE context Releases initiated by the RBS and that there was data in either the UL or DL
The total number of normal UE Context Releases initiated by the RBS. The counter is stepped regardless of whether data
pmUeCtxtRelNormalEnb was or was not lost in UL/DL buffers.
pmUeCtxtRelNormalEnbAct The total number of abnormal UE context Releases initiated by the RBS and that there was data in either the UL or DL
Pseudo Formula:
Equation
4.1 Latency
The speed at which packets can be transferred once the first packet has been scheduled on the air
interface.
Unit : Kbps
The threshold for throughput is defined by the network policies and practices, it also depends on
your design parameters.
MIMO Parameters: Identify the transmission mode of N/W. There are seven transmission modes as shown in the table below:
Adjust the SINR thresholds for transition of transmission modes as recommended by the OEM. Request the Link Level simulations
they used to set these thresholds and see if the conditions under which the values were calculated apply to your network. Otherwise,
update them if the parameters are settable and not restricted.
Low Demand: If the maximum number of RRC connections active per cell is close or equal to the maximum number of RRC
connections supported, then. The cause for low throughput is load.
A high number of scheduled users per TTI does not necessarily mean that demand is the cause for low throughput.
(Parameter tuning may vary case to case and should be planned as per requirement. Values may differ
for different terrain, under different traffic conditions etc.)
Besides this the coverage overlap needs to be carefully planned. Too much cell overlap may result in
interference or low cell edge throughput. No or very less overlap may result in higher dropped calls .
Overlap can be optimized with parameters and physical changes.
Classification of HOs
Intra-eNodeB
Inter-eNodeB
• Inter-RAT Handover
In cases when the UE moves between eNB’s that belong to different pooling areas the handover
procedure necessarily has to be executed via the S1 interface.
5.4 IRAT (Inter Radio Access Technology): Inter-working between LTE (E-UTRAN) and
• UTRAN
• GERAN
• CDMA2000
Pseudo formula : 100 *(Succ HO Prep / HO Pre Att) * (Succ HO Exec / HO Exec Att) %
This KPI measures system performance. Since the KPI is measured by the eNodeB, it does not
include time when the eNodeB is down, i.e. node restart time is excluded.
The length of time in seconds that a cell is available for service is defined as cell availability.
6.1 Counters
pmCellDowntimeAuto - Length of time the cell has been disabled due to a fault
pmCellDowntimeMan - Length of time the cell has been disabled due to
Administrative State of the cell
M - number of cells
N - reporting periods