Bluetooth

 Introduction
 Why Bluetooth
 History
 The Bluetooth Technology
 The Bluetooth Stack
 Bluetooth in ad hoc networks
 Introduction

 Why Bluetooth?
 Cable replacement between devices.
 Supported by major companies.
 Open Specification
 Low power consumption
 Connection can be initiated without user interaction.
 Devices can be connected to multiple devices at the same
time.
 History

 The technology was born in 1994.

 The first version was released July 1999.
 The Bluetooth name comes from the Danish
Viking Harald Blåtand.
 The Bluetooth Technology

 The Bluetooth Stack:

 Radio

 Bluetooth devices operate on 2.4 GHz

Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM band).
 Unlicensed in most countries.
 Interferences from:
 Other radio frequency short-range techniques
 Wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11)
 Random noise generators (microwave ovens)
 Other Bluetooth units
 Radio (cont.)

 Techniques to minimize packet loss:

 Frequency Hopping
 Adaptive power control
 Short data packets
 Frequency Hopping

 Uses FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread

Spectrum)
 Divides the ISM-band into 79 1-Mhz channels.
 Communication between devices switches between
available channels.
Frequency Hopping (cont.)
 Power Control

 Three power classes defined with max output power

from 1 mW (Class 1) to 100 mW (Class 3).
 Devices may be implementet with power control
 Optimize power consumption
 Decrease interference
Bluetooth Packet Structure
 Baseband

 Responsible for channel coding/decoding, timing

and managing a Bluetooth link.
 Master/slave
 Devices in a connection are either master or slave.
 Communication is only possible between a master and its
slaves.
 A master and the slaves are named piconets.
 Scatternet; multiple piconets connected together.
Piconets and Scatternet
 The Link Manager

 Responsible for establishing, supervising and tear

down connections and logical links.
 Link controller states introduced to carry out these
tasks.
 States:
 Standby
 Inquiry / Inquiry Scan
 Page / Page Scan
 Connection
 The Link Manager (cont.)

 Inquiry
 Used to detect all devcies in an unknown environment.
 Page / Page Scan
 Describes how connection is established.
 Have to know the address of the other devices. Is usually
achieved through inquiry.
 Connection
 Master and slaves are synchronized.
 Connection is established.
Inquiry / Inquiry Scan
Page / Page Scan
 Host Controller Interface (HCI)

 Provided to ease the partition of the

Bluetooth Stack across two processors.
 Some systems will implement the baseband
and link manager on the Bluetooth device
and higher levels on the host processor.
 The HCI is provided as an interface between
these parts.
 Logical Link Control and
Adaption (L2CAP)
 Deals with
 multiplexing of different services
 segmentation
 reassembling of packets
 Quality of Service
 Profiles

 Provide interoperability between devices

from different manufacturers for specific
services and use cases.
 A profile defines
 a selection of messages and procedures
 gives an unambiguous description of
communication between two devices.
 Bluetooth in ad hoc networks

 Bluetooth network infrastructure is of

dynamic ad-hoc type.
 It is constantly changing and depending on
the movement of the devices.
 Bluetooth in ad hoc networks
(cont.)
 Temporary networks.
 Connect ”on-the-fly”.
 Small wireless network called ”personal
area network” (PAN).
 Provide voice, data, eliminate cables, bridge
networks.
 Supports PDAs, mobile phones, printers,
faxes, microphones.
 Bluetooth in ad hoc networks
(cont.)
 The master can support up to 7 devices in its
network.
 Devices use the same frequency, but can be
in multiple networks.
 Security

 Bluetooth provides security only over the

radio link, from each device to all other
devices.
 Three security specifications:
 Confidentiality
 Authentication
 Authorization
 Bluetooth in the future

 Bluetooth was originally intended to be a

cable replacement,
 but, has evolved to become an infrastructure
for Personal Area Network (PAN)
 2001: 10 million devices produced
 2003: 70 million!