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PHY13 Lesson 2 Sources of Magnetic Fields
PHY13 Lesson 2 Sources of Magnetic Fields
MAGNETIC FIELD
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
Consider a charge q moving with a constant velocity v.
y
r is the displacement vector from
P source point to field point.
r
is the angle between r and v.
v
+ x
q
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
The direction of the magnetic field at point P is
perpendicular to both r and v and can be determined using
the right hand rule.
y
P B
v
+ x
q
If v // B , then F 0
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
B q
1
B 2
r
B v
B sin
If v // B , then F 0
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
The magnetic field B due to a moving charge q is
o q v sin
B
4 r 2
where:
o 4 10 7 T A.m *
o
1107 TmA
4
*permeability of free space is the
If v // B , then F 0
measure of the amount of resistance
encountered when forming a
magnetic field in a vacuum.
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
The magnetic field B due to a moving charge q is
o q v sin
B
4 r 2
o q v rˆ
B
4 r 2
where: If v // B , then F 0
r
rˆ
r
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
NOTES:
• B = 0 at all points along
the line through the charge
parallel to the direction of
velocity. sin = 0
qq
FE k
r2
(1.6 1019 C ) 2
FE (9 10 9 Nm 2
C2
)
(0.10m) 2
o qv sin
B
4 r 2
7 Tm (1.6 1019 C )(1105 m / s)
B (110 A )
(0.10m) 2
B 1.6 1019 T
FM qvB
FM (1.6 1019 C )(1105 m / s)(1.6 1019 T )
F M 2.56 1033 N , upward
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element
o dQ v sin
dB
4 r2
dl
o dQ dt sin
dB
4 r2
dQ
o dt dl sin
dB
4 r2
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element
o I dl sin
dB
4 r 2
o I d l r
dB
4 r 2
Law of Biot-Savart
The magnetic field of a current-carrying conductor is
o I dl sin
B
4 r2
o I d l r
B
4 r 2
Example 2. A copper wire carries a steady current of 125 A. Find
the magnetic field caused by a 1.00-cm segment of this wire at a
point 1.2 m from it if the point is (a) point P1 straight to the side of
the segment, and (b) point P2 on a line at 30o to the segment
o I dl sin
(a) B
4 r2
7 Tm (125 A)( 0.01m) sin 90
B (110 A )
(1.2m) 2
B 8.7 108 T
7 Tm (125 A)(0.01m) sin 30
(b) B (110 A )
(1.2m) 2
B 4.3 108 T
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-
Carrying Conductor
Consider a conductor of length 2a carrying a current I.
Find the magnetic field B at point P at a distance x from the
conductor on its perpendicular bisector.
Let dl dy
r x2 y2
x
sin( )
x2 y2
o I dl
B
4 r 2 sin
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-
Carrying Conductor
o I dl o I a dy x
B
4 r 2 sin B
4 a x 2 y 2 x2 y2
o I a xdy
B
4 x
a 2
y 2
3
2
o I 2a
B
4 x x 2 a 2
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-
Carrying Conductor
o I 2a o I
B B
4 x x 2 a 2 2 r
o I 2a
• If a>>x, B
4 xa
o I
B
2x
Example 3. The figure shows an end-on view of two long
parallel straight wires perpendicular to the xy-plane, each
carrying a current of 10 A but in opposite directions. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at points
P1 , P2 , and P3.
I2 = 10A
I1 = 10A
o I y
For P1: B B2
2 r P1 P2 P3
x
10 A
-30 cm
7 Tm
B1 (2 x10
20 cm
)
10 cm
-10 cm
A
0.20m 0
B1
B1 1x10 T ˆj
5
B2 (2 x10 7 Tm
)
10 A Bnet 1x105 T ˆj 5x106 T ˆj
A
0.40m
B2 5x10 T ˆj
6 Bnet 5x106 T ˆj
Example 3. The figure shows an end-on view of two long
parallel straight wires perpendicular to the xy-plane, each
carrying a current of 10 A but in opposite directions. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at points
P1 , P2 , and P3.
I2 = 10A
I1 = 10A
o I y
For P2: B B2
2 r P1 P2 P3
x
10 A
-30 cm
7 Tm
B1 (2 x10
20 cm
)
10 cm
-10 cm
A
0.10m 0
B1
B1 2x105 T ˆj
B2 (2 x10 7 Tm
)
10 A B net 2 x105 T ˆj 2 x105 T ˆj
A
0.10m
B2 2 x10 T ˆj
5 B net 4 x105 T ˆj
Example 3. The figure shows an end-on view of two long
parallel straight wires perpendicular to the xy-plane, each
carrying a current of 10 A but in opposite directions. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at points
P1 , P2 , and P3.
I2 = 10A
I1 = 10A
o I y
For P3: B B1
2 r P1 P2 P3
x
10 A
-30 cm
7 Tm
B1 (2 x10
20 cm
)
10 cm
-10 cm
A
0.30m 0
B2
B1 6.67 x10 T ˆj 6
B2 (2 x10 7 Tm
)
10 A Bnet 6.67 x106 T ˆj 2x105 T ˆj
A
0.10m
B2 2 x10 T ˆj
5 B net 1.33x105 T ˆj
28.4 Magnetic Force Between Parallel Conductors
Consider two long and straight parallel current-carrying
wires. Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force they exert on each other.
28.4 Magnetic Force Between Parallel Conductors
Force per unit length exerted
by wire 1 on wire 2 (F12)
F12 I 2 L2 B1
B1
o I1
F12 I 2 L2
2r I1 F21 I2
F12 7 Tm I1 I 2 r
(2 x10 A ) F12
L r
Force per unit length exerted B2
by wire 2 on wire 1 (F21)
F21 I1 L1 B2
o I 2 F21 7 Tm I1 I 2
F21 I1 L1 (2 x10 A )
2r L r
28.4 Magnetic Force Between Parallel Conductors
If the currents in the conductors are in opposite directions:
B2 B1
I1 I2
F21 x F12
r
F23
F13 (10 A)( 20 A)
(2 10 7 TmA )
L 0.10m Fnet
y
4 10 4 Nm I3 = 20 A
F13
6 cm
F23 (5 A)( 20 A)
(2 10 7 TmA )
L 0.06m x
3.33 10 4 Nm I1 = 10 A 8 cm I2 = 5 A
Example 4. Find the magnitude and direction of the Fnet per unit
length on wire 3 due to wires 1 and 2.
F23
Fx
(4 10 4 Nm )(0.8) 0
L Fnet
y
3.2 10 4 Nm I3 = 20 A
F13
Fy
(4 10 4 Nm )(0.6) 3.33 10 4 N
m
6 cm
L
9.3 10 5 N x
m
I1 = 10 A 8 cm I2 = 5 A
Fnet 0.000093
(3.2 10 4 Nm ) 2 (9.3 10 5 Nm ) 2 tan 1
L 0.00032
3.33 10 4 Nm 16.2o above x
28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop
Consider a circular current loop of radius a. Use the Law
of Biot and Savart to find the magnetic field at point P on the
axis of the loop.
o I dl
dB
4 r2
o I dl
dBx cos
4 r 2
o I dl a
4 (x2 a2 ) x2 a2
o I dl
dB y sin
4 r 2
I dl x
o
4 ( x 2 a 2 ) x 2 a 2
MAGNETIC FIELD OF A CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOP
By 0
B Bx
o Ia 2a
Bx
4 ( x a )
2 2 3
2
0
dl
o Ia
Bx (2a)
4 ( x a )
3
2 2 2
o INa 2
B 3
2( x a )
2 2 2
o Ia 2
B 3
2( x a )
2 2 2
o I
B
2a
Example 5.
(a)
Example 5.
(b)
MAGNETIC FIELD OF OTHER CONDUCTORS
(a)
o I dl sin
dB
4 r2
dB 1x10 A
7 Tm (10 A)( 0.0011m) sin 90
(0.05m) 2
7
dB 4.40 x10 T
(b)
r 0.05m 0.14m
2 2
0.149m tan 1 145 19.7 o
dB 1x10 7 Tm
A (10 A)(0.0011m) sin 19.7
(0.149m) 2
8
dB 1.67 x10 T (c) dB 0 because 0
For the 12-A wire:
(12 A)(0.0015m) 28.5cmcm
dB 1x10 7 Tm
A (0.08m) 2
8. 79 x10 8
T
dBnet 8.79 x10 8 T x
o I 7 Tm 800 A
B (2 x10 A ) 2.91x10 5 T , east
2r 5.50m
(a)
I1=25A
I2=75A
B1 B1 B2
o I1 o I 2
40cm 2 r1 2 r2
B2
25 A 75 A 40cm x
3 x 10cm
x 40cm x x
I2=75A
B1 B1 B2
o I1 o I 2
x
x 40cm 2 r1 2 r2
B2
25 A 75 A 40cm x
3 x 20cm
x 40cm x x
v
o I 2.50 A
B 7 Tm
(2 x10 A ) 1.11x10 5 T -
2r 0.045m
B2 B1
6A 2A
B1S (2 x10 7 Tm
A ) 2 x10 6 T B2 S (2 x10 7 Tm
A ) 5 x10 7 T
0.6m 0.8m
T T
6o 6o
F x F
I r I
mg mg
T T
tan 6
F
IlB Il 2o rI
mg mg mg
6o 6o
(tan 6) gr m
I
F
I
x
I
F
o
2 l
mg mg
I 23.2 A
Due to segment a: o I
Ba
4a
Due to segment b: o I
Bb x
4b
o I o I o I 1 1
Bnet Bnet
4a 4b 4 a b
o I dl
Due to vertical segment: B1
4 r 2 sin 0 0
o I dl
Due to horizontal segment: B2
4 r 2 sin 180 0
o I
Due to quarter-circle: B3
8R
o I
Bnet
8R
Three long and straight parallel wires are at the corners of
a triangle as shown in the figure below. (a) Find the net
magnetic force per unit length on wire 1 due to wires 2
and 3. (b) Find the net magnetic field at point P due to
the three wires.
y I2 = 15 A
10 cm 10 cm
x
5 cm P 5 cm
I1 = 10 A I3 = 20 A