Flat Worms: Flat Worms

CHAPTER
CHAPTER 14
14
Flat Worms:
Phylum
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes
14-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
General Features
 Animals that actively seek food, shelter,
home sites, and mates require a different set
of strategies and body organization than
radially symmetrical sessile organisms
 Two major evolutionary advances in phylum
 Cephalization
 Concentrating sense organs in the head region
 Bilateral symmetry
 Body can be divided along only 1 plane of
symmetry to yield 2 mirror images of each other
 First phylum with Right and Left sides
14-2
General Features
 Acoelomates
 Typical acoelomates have only one internal space,
the digestive cavity
 Without coelom (additional body cavity)
 Triploblastic
 Endoderm, Ectoderm, and Mesoderm
 1st phyla to have 3 germ layers
 Protostomes
 blastopore becomes the mouth
 Incomplete Gut
 One opening
14-3
Diagram of an Acoelomate Body Plan
14-4
Characteristics
 Commonly called flatworms
 Vary from a millimeter to many meters in
length
 Some free-living; others parasitic
14-5
Stain
ed
Plana
ria
Terrestrial
flatworm
14-6
 Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes:

Turbellaria (Planaria), Trematoda (flukes), and
Cestoda (tapeworm)
 All members of Trematoda (flukes) and Cestoda
(tapeworms) are parasitic
 Class Turbellaria
 Mostly free-living forms
 Most are bottom dwellers in marine or

freshwater
 Freshwater planarians
 Found in streams, pools, and hot springs
 Terrestrial flatworms limited to moist places
14-7
14-8
Form and Function

 Epidermis and Muscles
 Most have cellular, ciliated epidermis on a
basement membrane
 Most turbellarians have dual-gland
adhesive organs
 Viscid gland cells fasten microvilli of anchor
cells to substrate
 Secretions of gland cells provide a quick
chemical detachment
14-9
Cross Section Of Planaria

Turbellaria
14-10
Releasing and Attaching (Viscid) Glands
14-11
Nutrition and Digestion

 Some have a mouth, pharynx, and intestine
 In planarians
 Pharynx may extend through the ventral mouth
 Intestine has three branches
 One anterior and two posterior
 Mouth of trematodes (parasitic flukes)
 Opens near the anterior end
 Pharynx is not extensible
 Intestine ends blindly, varies in degree of branching
14-12
Structure of Planarian
14-13
Human Liver Fluke - trematode
14-14
 Planaria (Turbellaria)
 Carnivorous and detect food by chemoreceptors
 Food trapped in mucous secretions from glands
 Wrap themselves around prey
 Extend the pharynx to suck up bits of food
14-15
 Trematodes (parasitic flukes)

 Feed on host cells, cellular debris, and body
fluids
 Enzymes from the intestine are secreted for
extracellular digestion
 Phagocytic cells in gastrodermis complete
digestion at intracellular level
 Undigested food egested out the pharynx
 Cestodes (tapeworm)
 Rely on the host’s digestive tract
 Absorb digested nutrients
Excretion and Osmoregulation

 Flatworms have protonephridia (kidney)
 Used for osmoregulation
 Beating flagella drive fluids down collecting ducts
 Wall of the duct beyond the flame cell bears folds

or microvilli to resorb ions and molecules
 Majority of metabolic wastes
 Removed by diffusion through body wall
 Collecting ducts join and empty at nephridiopores
14-17
Nervous System
 Subepidermal nerve plexus resembles
nerve net of cnidarians
 One to five pairs of longitudinal nerve
cords lie under the muscle layer
 Freshwater planarians
 Brain is a bilobed cerebral ganglion (mass
of nerve cells) anterior to the ventral nerve
cords
14-18
Sense Organs
 Ocelli (light-sensitive eyespots)
 Present in turbellarians, and larval
trematodes
 Tactile and chemoreceptive cells
 Abundant
 Statocysts (equilibrium) and
rheoreceptors (sense direction of water
currents)
14-19
Reproduction and Regeneration

 Fission
 Many turbellarians constrict behind the pharynx and
separate into two animals
 Each half regenerates the missing parts
 Provides for rapid population growth
 Regeneration
 If the head and tail are cut off
 Each end grows the missing part; it retains polarity
14-20
 Nearly all are monoecious

(hermaphroditic) but cross-fertilize
 Male Structures
 One or more testes are connected to one
vas deferens
 The vas deferens runs to a seminal vesicle
 A nipple-like penis or extensible tentacle is
the copulatory organ
14-21
 Turbellarians develop male and female

organs opening at a common pore
 After copulation, eggs and yolk cells
enclosed in small cocoon
 Attach by a stalk to plants
 Embryos emerge and resemble little adults
14-22
Classification of Phylum Platyhelminthes

 Class Turbellaria - planaria
 Class Trematoda - flukes
 Class Cestoda - tapeworm

Class Turbellaria
 Mostly free-living
 Range from 5 mm to 50 cm long
 Very small planaria swim by cilia
 Others move by cilia
 Glide over a slime track secreted by adhesive
glands
 Rhythmical muscular waves pass backward
from the head
14-24
Different Intestinal Pattern of Turbellaria

Marine tubellarian
14-26


Class Trematoda
 All trematodes are parasitic flukes
 Most adults are endoparasites (inside) of vertebrates
 They resemble turbellaria but the tegument (skin)
lacks cilia in adults
 Sense organs are poorly developed
 Adaptations for parasitism include:
 Penetration glands
 Hooks and suckers for adhesion
 Increased reproductive capacity
14-28
 General Trematoda Life Cycle

 Egg passes from definitive host and must
reach water
 Hatches into a free-swimming ciliated
larva, the miracidium
 Miracidium penetrates tissues of a snail
 Transforms into a sporocyst
 Sporocyst reproduces asexually to form
redia
 Rediae reproduce asexually and form
cercaria
 Cercariae emerge from the snail

 Penetrate a 2nd intermediate host (fish)
 Develop into metacercariae (juvenile flukes)
 Metacercaria develop into adults when eaten by
definitive host
 Some serious parasites of humans and
domestic animals are trematodes
 Example: sheep live fluke, human liver fluke
Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

 Adult fluke lives in bile passageways in the
liver of sheep
 Eggs are passed out in feces
 Miracidia hatch and penetrate snails to
become sporocysts
 After two generations of rediae
 Cercaria encyst on vegetation and await being
eaten by sheep
 When eaten, metacercariae develop into
young flukes
14-31
Clonorchis sinensis: Human Liver Fluke

 Most important human liver fluke
 Common in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia
 Also infects cats, dogs, and pigs
 Adult fluke is 10–20 mm long with an oral and
ventral sucker
14-32
Clonorchis Life Cycle (Liver Fluke)

 Adults live in bile passageways of humans and other
fish-eating mammals (sexual reproduction occurs
here)
 Eggs containing a complete miracidium are shed
into water with feces
 The eggs hatch only when ingested by snails of
specific genera
 Miracidium enters snail tissue and transforms into a
sporocyst
 Sporocyst produces one generation of rediae, which
begin differentiation (asexual reproduction)
14-33
Human Liver Fluke

Life Cycle
14-34
 Rediae pass into the snail liver

 Turns into tadpole-like cercariae
 Cercariae escape into water
 Make contact with fish
 Bore into fish muscles or under scales
 Shed tail and turn into a metacercariae cyst
 A mammal eats raw fish
 Cyst dissolves and flukes migrate up bile duct
 Heavy infection can destroy the liver and
result in death
 Control of parasites
 Destroy snails and thoroughly cook fish
14-35
Schistosoma: Blood Flukes
 Over 200 million people infested with
schistosomiasis
 Common in Africa, South America, West Indies,
and the Middle and Far East
 Sexes are separate
 3 species with varied location:
 large intestine
 small intestine
 urinary bladder
14-36
Schistosoma Life Cycle

 Eggs discharged in human feces or urine
 In water, eggs hatch as ciliated miracidia
 Contact with a particular species of snail to
survive
 In the snail, they transform to sporocysts
 Sporocysts produce cercaria directly
 Cercariae escape the snail and swim until
they contact bare human skin or other host
 Cercariae pierce the skin and shed their tails
14-37
 Enter blood vessels and migrate to the

hepatic portal blood vessels (blood vessel
from digestive tract to liver)
 Develop in the liver and they migrate to
target sites
 Eggs released by females are extruded
through gut or bladder lining and exit with
feces or urine
 Eggs that remain behind become centers of
inflammation
14-38
Blood Fluke
Life Cycle
14-39
Cut Liver of individual who dies from

hematemesis
(vomiting blood). 180 adult flukes were
found in autopsy
14-40
 Control: proper disposal of human wastes

 Schistosoma dermatitis (swimmer’s itch)
 Occurs when cercariae penetrate an unsuitable
host such as a human (our immune system fights
them off leading to inflammation -itch)
 Normal host many be a bird or other animal
14-41
Lung Fluke - from uncooked crab meat
14-42

14-43
Class Cestoda
 Tapeworms have long flat bodies with scolex
 Holdfast structure with suckers and hooks
 Scolex is followed by a linear series of
reproductive units or proglottids
 Lack a digestive system
 Lack sensory organs except for modified
cilia
14-44
Tapeworm:
Scolex is site of
attachment.
14-45
Tegument of a
Tapeworm:
Many microthriches
elp increase surface
area for absorption.
14-46
 Tegument is has no cilia

 Entire surface of cestodes is covered with
projections (microtriches) similar to
microvilli seen in the vertebrate small
intestine
 Microtriches increase the surface area for food
absorption
14-47
 Nearly all cestodes require two hosts

 Adult is parasitic in the digestive tract of the
vertebrate
 Over 1000 species of tapeworms known,
infecting almost all vertebrates
 Most tapeworms do little harm to host
14-48
Taenia saginata: Beef Tapeworm

 Lives as an adult in the digestive canals of humans
 Juvenile form found in intermuscular tissue of cattle
 Mature adults can reach over 10 meters in length
with over 2000 proglottids (segments conaining
reproductive organs)
 Scolex has four suckers but no hooks
 Gravid proglottids (with shelled, infective larvae)
pass in feces, single
 Proglottids rupture as they dry
 Embryos are viable for five months and are picked
up by grazing
14-49
Beef Tapeworm Life Cycle - Continued

 Cattle swallow shelled larvae that hatch as
oncospheres
 Oncospheres use hooks to burrow through
the intestinal wall into blood or lymph vessels
 When they reach voluntary muscle, they
encyst to become “bladder worms” (cyst that
resembles a bladder)
 When the infected meat is eaten, the cyst wall
dissolves and the scolex evaginates to attach
to intestinal wall
14-50
 New proglottids develop in 2–3 weeks

 Infected individuals expel numerous
proglottids daily
 Infection can be avoided by eating only
thoroughly cooked beef
14-51
Life Cycle
of Beef
Tapeworm:
From
human
feces, to
grass, to
cattle, to
meat, to
human.
14-52
Dog Tapeworm:
hows 3
roglottids
Reproductive
egments)
14-53
Other types of Tapeworm:

 Taenia solium: Pork Tapeworm
 Diphyllobothrium latum: Fish Tapeworm
 Echinococcus granulosus:
Unilocular Hydatid
14-54
orm: humans acquire disease by unsanitary habits associate

eggs are ingested, larvae encyst in the liver, lungs, or other
Cyst enlarges up to the size of a basketball.
14-55

Flat Worms: Flat Worms

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Flat Worms: Flat Worms

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER

Diagram of an Acoelomate Body Plan

 Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes:

 Mostly free-living forms

 Most are bottom dwellers in marine or

Form and Function

Cross Section Of Planaria

Releasing and Attaching (Viscid) Glands

Nutrition and Digestion

Human Liver Fluke - trematode

 Trematodes (parasitic flukes)

Excretion and Osmoregulation

 Wall of the duct beyond the flame cell bears folds

Reproduction and Regeneration

 Nearly all are monoecious

 Turbellarians develop male and female

Classification of Phylum Platyhelminthes

 Class Trematoda - flukes

 Class Cestoda - tapeworm

Different Intestinal Pattern of Turbellaria

Classification of Phylum Platyhelminthes

 Class Trematoda - flukes

 Class Cestoda - tapeworm

 General Trematoda Life Cycle

 Cercariae emerge from the snail

Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

Clonorchis sinensis: Human Liver Fluke

Clonorchis Life Cycle (Liver Fluke)

Human Liver Fluke

 Rediae pass into the snail liver

Schistosoma Life Cycle

 Enter blood vessels and migrate to the

Cut Liver of individual who dies from

 Control: proper disposal of human wastes

Lung Fluke - from uncooked crab meat

Classification of Phylum Platyhelminthes

 Class Trematoda - flukes

 Class Cestoda - tapeworm

 Tegument is has no cilia

 Nearly all cestodes require two hosts

Taenia saginata: Beef Tapeworm

Beef Tapeworm Life Cycle - Continued

 New proglottids develop in 2–3 weeks

Other types of Tapeworm:

orm: humans acquire disease by unsanitary habits associate

You might also like