Presentation

on
4G wireless technology

By-
Isha Dhawan(0920711)
Raj Bala(0920720)
 TOPICS COVERED
 Introduction
History from 1G to 4G
Difference between 3G and 4G
What is 4G
Why 4G is required
Features of 4G technology
Example of 4G network
Transmission System
Architecture
Technologies used in 4G
Application
Security
Telecom companies producing 4G
Future of 4G-5G
Limitations
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 4G (known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation,
term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless
communications.

 A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where

voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an
"Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous
generations.

 The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication

systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third
generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services.

 The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband

wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone
systems.
INTRODUCTION CONTINUED
 One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC –Mobile
multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support,
integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service.

 The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of

mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless
networks.
 4G wireless networks support global roaming across multiple
wireless and mobile networks—for example, from a cellular
network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth
wireless LAN.
• 4G networks will also feature IP interoperability for seamless
mobile Internet access and bit rates of 50 Mbps or more.
HISTORY

 Thefirst analog cellular systems were based on

IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) and
developed in 1970.

 Thesystems were “cellular” because coverage areas

were split into smaller areas or cells, each of which is
served by a low power transmitter and receiver.
FIRST GENERATION (1G)
 1G analog system for mobile communications saw
two key improvements during 1970’s: the invention
of the microprocessor and the digitization of the
control link between the mobile phone and the cell
site.

 An AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was first

launched by US which is 1G mobile system.

 It is based on FDMA technology which allows users

to make voice calls within one country.
Access technology used
 FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most
common analog system.

 It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into frequencies and

then assigned to users.

 With FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned to a

channel.

 The channel therefore is closed to other conversations until the initial

call is finished, or until it is handed-off to a different channel.

 A “full duplex “FDMA transmission requires two channels one for

transmitting and the other for receiving.
SECOND GENERATION (2G)
 2G digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of
1980’s.

 These systems digitized not only the control link but also the
voice signal.

 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) was first

commercially operated digital cellular system which is based on
TDMA.
Access technology used
 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
improves spectrum capacity by splitting each
frequency into time slots.

 TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio

frequency channel for the short period of call.

 Other users share this same frequency channel at

different time slots.

 The base station continually switches from user to

user on the channel.
THIRD GENERATION (3G)
 3G systems provide faster communication services,
including voice, fax and internet, anytime and
anywhere.

 3G had opened the way to enabling innovative

applications and services (e.g. multimedia,
entertainment, information and location-based
services).

 The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in 2001.

Access technology used

 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is based on “spread” spectrum

technology.

 Since it is suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been used

for military purposes.

 CDMA increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all

channels at the same time.

 Transmissions are spread over the whole radio band, and each voice or
data call are assigned a unique code to differentiate from the other
calls carried over the same spectrum.

 CDMA allows for a “soft hand-off”, which means that terminals can
communicate with several base stations at the same time.
TIMELINE FROM 1G to 4G
What is 4G?
 Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally
conceived by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization
that developed the wired Internet.

 It is not surprising, that DARPA chose the same

distributed architecture for the wireless Internet that
had proven so successful in the wired Internet.

 Two characteristics have emerged for 4G: end-to-end

Internet Protocol (IP), and peer-to-peer networking.
4G CONTINUED
 4G is an all IP network because consumers will want to use the
same data applications they are used to in wired networks.
• A peer-to-peer network, where every device is both a
transceiver and a router/repeater for other devices in the
network eliminates this spoke-and-hub weakness of cellular
architectures.

 4G technology is significant because users joining the network

add mobile routers to the network infrastructure.

 Because users carry much of the network with them, network

capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate
changing user patterns.

 As people congregate and create pockets of high demand, they

also create additional routes for each other, thus enabling
additional access to network capacity.
4G CONTINUED
 Users will automatically hop away from congested routes to less
congested routes.

 This permits the network to have dynamically and

automatically self-balancing capacity, and increase network
utilization.

• When user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part
of the network infrastructure.

 With a cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the

network. They are just consumers competing for resources.

 But in wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, users co-operate

rather than compete for network resources.
4G CONTINUED

 And there is also the 80/20 rule. With traditional wireless

networks, about 80% of the cost is for site acquisition and
installation, and just 20% is for the technology.

 With wireless peer-to-peer networking, however, about 80% of

the cost is the technology and only 20% is the installation.
• This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and
replace the 3G systems.
 Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G
will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother
and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service
across a multitude of wireless systems and networks.
Why 4G is required ?

 At the first, we might have a question that why we even require

4G if 3G systems are working well.

 It is because of basically two reasons that one is substantial

growth in overall number of subscribers and other is massive
demand of new data services which can be either data, audio,
image or video (interactive or noninteractive).

 These two factors are enough to cause a substantial bottle neck

in cellular communication services.

 Though the projected data rate is around 2Mbps in 3G, the

actual data rates are slower, especially in crowded areas or
when network is congested.
CONTD…..

 Further the data rates also depends on the users activity

(moving or steady state) and location (indoor/outdoor) as
expected, the data services like multimedia are going to play
modest role and will dominate the cellular traffic instead of
voice in future .

 In such scenario the present 1G & 2G systems will saturate and

will have no room to survive.

 Also the demand for increasing data rates leads to higher band
width requirement.

 These factors cause the cellular industry to develop a common

standard for a system that can work to overcome almost all the
limitations imposed by the previous cellular technologies.
CONTD….

 The expected features of 4G systems are much higher

data rates around 100Mbps, higher bandwidth
requirements of an order of hundreds of MHz, plenty
of services like data, audio, video etc.

 Itwill provide Seamless connectivity and improved

quality of service.
 Key 3G and 4G Parameters
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP
add-on
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz

Component Design Optimized antenna; multi- Smart antennas; SW multi-

band adapters band; wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz

Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps

Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; Concatenated Coding
turbo
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph

IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational ~2003 ~2010

FEATURES OF 4G TECHNOLOGY

 Wireless broadband services.

 Mobile TV.
 Seamless connectivity and global roaming
across multiple networks.
 Flexible channel bandwidth between 5-20 Mhz.
 Smooth handoff across multiple networks.
 High quality of services for next generation
multimedia support.
 High network capacity
CONT…
 Support for multimedia messaging services
 Higher data rates of 100Mbps for mobile and
1Gbps while stationary..
 Entirely packet-switched network.
 Global mobility and service portability.
 Support for previous wireless technologies.
 High internet speed.
 Tight network security.
SEAMLESS CONNECTION OF NETWORKS
CONTD…..
 The aim of 3G is ‘to provide multimedia multi rate
mobile communications anytime and anywhere’, though
this aim can only be partially met.
 4G will extend the scenario to an all-IP network (access
+ core) that integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless,
WLAN (wireless local area network), short-range
systems and fixed wire.
 The vision is of integration across these network—air
interfaces and of a variety of radio environments on a
common, flexible and expandable platform
 4G is referred as a ‘network of networks’ with
distinctive radio access connected to a seamless IP-
based core network.
an e.g. of 4G network
 4G NETWORK
 The future 4G infrastructure will consist of a set of various networks
using internet protocol as a common protocol so that users are in
control because they will be able to choose every application and
environment.

 Accessing information anywhere, anytime with seamless connection

to a wide range of information, obtaining services, receiving a large
volume of information, data, pictures, video and so on are the key of
4G infrastructure
Transmission system
CONTD……….
 An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network,
converting and encoding prior to modulation.
 An IFFT(inverse fast fourier transform) transforms the
OFDM signal into an IF signal, which is sent to RF
transmitter.
 With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate
and process each sub-carrier without interference from
other sub-carriers.
 OFDM provides better link and communication quality.
 It is more impervious to fading and multi-path delays
than other transmission techniques .
4G MOBILE PHONE
ARCHITECTURE
End-to-end Service Architectures for 4G Mobile Systems:-
 A characteristic of the transition towards 3G systems
and beyond is that highly integrated telecommunications
service suppliers fail to provide effective economics of
scale.
 This is primarily due to deterioration of vertical
integration scalability with innovation speedup.
 Thus, the new rule for success in 4G
telecommunications markets will be to provide one part
of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to
create the complete solutions that end customers
require.
CONTD……
A direct consequence of these facts is that a radically
new end-to-end service architecture will emerge during
the deployment of 3G mobile networks and will became
prominent as the operating model of choice for the
Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telecommunications
Networks.
 This novel end-to-end service architecture is inseparable
from an equally radical transformation of the role of the
telecommunications network operator role in the new
value chain of end service provision.
Middleware Architecture:
 The service middleware is decomposed into three layers; i.e. user
support layer, service support layer and network support layer.
 The criterion for using a layered approach is to reuse the existing
subsystems in the tradition al middleware.
 User support layer: Introduction of this functional layer enables
the reduction of unnecessary user interaction with the system.
 The middle layer, the service support layer, contains most
functionality of traditional middleware.
 The bottom layer, the network layer supports connectivity for all-
IP networks.

.
Cellular Multihop Communications : Infrastructure-
Based RelayNetwork Architecture:-
 Itis clear that more fundamental enhancements are
necessary for the very ambitious throughput and
coverage requirements of future networks.
 Towards that end , in addition to advanced transmission
techniques and antenna technologies, some major
modifications in the wireless network architecture itself,
which will enable effective distribution and collection of
signals to and from wireless users, are sought.
• The integration of “multihop” capability into the
conventional wireless networks is perhaps the most
promising architectural upgrade.
CONTD……….

 In a Multihop network , a signal from a source may

reach its destination in multiple hops (whenever
necessary) through the use of relays.
 Since we are here concerned with infra structure-based
networks, either the source or destination is a common
point in the network base station (or, access point, in the
context of WLANs).
 The potential advantage of relaying is that it allows
substituting a poor-quality(due to high path loss) single-
hop wireless link with a composite, two or more hop,
better-quality link whenever possible .
CONTD…
• Relaying is not only efficient in eliminating black spots
throughout the coverage region , but more importantly
,it may extend the high data rate coverage range of a
single BS ; therefore cost effective high data rate
coverage may be possible through the augmentation of
the relaying capability in conventional cellular
networks.
HETEROGENEOUS NETWORK
OVERLAY NETWORK:
 In this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network
consisting of several universal access points (UAP).
 These UAPs in turn select a wireless network based on
availability , QoS specifications, and user defined choices.
 UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, content
adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of
users .
 The overlay network, rather than the user or device, performs
handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another .
 A UAP stores user, network, and device information ,
capabilities , and preferences.
 Because UAPs can keep track of the various resources a caller
uses, this architecture supports single billing and subscription.
(
CONTD…
A multimode device lets the user, device, or network
initiate handoff between networks without the need for
network modification or interworking devices.
CONTD…..
 Anoverlay network consisting of several universal
access points (UAPs) that store user, network, and
device information—performs a handoff as the user
moves from one UAP to another.
CONTD…..
A device capable of automatically switching between
networks is possible if wireless networks can support a
common protocol to access a satellite-based network
and another protocol for terrestrial networks.
Technology used in 4G
 OFDM

 UWB

 Smart antennas

 IPv6
UWB(ultra wide band)

 An advanced technology that can be used in 4G technology.

 It is typically detected as noise.
 It can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means
that it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other
radio frequency devices .
 It uses a frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz.
 It uses less power, since it transmits pulse instead of
continuous signal.
 Special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.
OFDM(orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing)
 Orthogonal FDM's spread spectrum technique spreads the data over a
lot of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. This
spacing provides the "orthogonality".
 In this method which prevents the receivers/demodulators from
seeing frequencies other than their own specific one.
 The main benefit of OFDM is high spectral efficiency, but with
OFDM you also get; high resiliency to RF interference, and the multi-
path distortion is lower.
 This is handy because in a standard terrestrial broadcasting situation
there are high amounts of multipath-channels.
 Since the various versions of the signal interfere with each other,
known as inter symbol interference (ISI) it becomes incredibly hard
to extract the original information.
CONTD….
 The use of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) which
greatly reduces the implementation complexity of
OFDM systems.
 This was further reduced by the development of the fast
Fourier transform (FFT).
 Shortly after an equalization algorithm was
implemented in order to help suppress both ISI and inter
subcarrier interference, which is caused by the channel
impulse response and timing and frequency errors.
Smart antennas
 Smart antenna can be employed to find tune ,and turn up signal information.
 smart antenna can send signal back in the same direction that they come from.
 There are two types of smart antennas-
 switched beam antenna:- It has fixed beams of transmission,
and switch from predefined beam to another when the user
with the phone moves throughout the sector.
 Adaptive array antenna:- It represents the most advanced
smart antenna approach to data using a variety of new signal It represent the
most advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of new signal
processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference, and
maximize intended signal reception.
Advantages of Smart antenna
 Optimize available power.
 Increase base station range and coverage.
 Reuse available spectrum.
 Increase bandwidth.
 Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.
 Smart antenna may play a large role in 4G system .
IPv6
 IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 .
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol which data is sent from one
computer to another on the internet.
 Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP that uniquely identifies it from
all other computers on the Internet.
 It includes128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4.

 Understanding of IPv6 in 4G-

- 32 bits IP address looks like this 216.37.129.9
- 216.37.129.9 may be written like 11011000.00100101.10000001.00001001
- the IP address in IPv6 version will be 4 times of IPv4; it looks like 216.37.129.9,
79.23.178.229,65.198.2.10,192.168.5.120
- i.e. IPv6 contains 4 sets of IPv4 address.
- all 4 sets are defined in different functions and usages.
- the first set of the IP address (216.37.129.9) can be defined to be the
“home address” purpose. It just likes the normal IP address that we use for
addressing in the Internet and network.
IPv6 continue……
 The second set of the IP address (79.23.178.229) can be declared as the “care-of address”
After these addresses from cell and PC established a link, care-of address will work instead of
home address; it means that communication channel will switch from the first set to to
the second set of the IPv6 address.
 Third set of the IP address (65.198.2.10) can be signed as mobile IP address. It is the
communication channel to wire-line network and wireless network. An agent between the cell
phones and PC will use this mobile IP address to establish a channel to cell phones.
 The last set of IP address (192.168.5.120) can be local network address for virtual private
network (VPN) sharing purpose.

- In this rich data IP address, software can use them to distinguish different
services and to communicate and combine with other network areas, such as computer (PC) and
cell phones
QOS(quality of service)
 In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure
of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and
service availability.
 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99.99%).
 In 4G QOS may be divided in following ways-

 Transaction-level QOS describes both the time it takes to complete a

transaction and the packet loss rate.

 Circuit-level QOS includes call blocking for new as well as existing

calls .

 User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type .

APPLICATIONS
 High speed data rate due to which a movie can
be downloaded in 2 to 3 minutes.
 Video Conferencing
 Higher bandwidth
 Global roaming
 In traffic control.
 Telemedicine
SECURITY
 Security requirements of 2G and 3G networks have been
widely studied in the literature.
 Different standards implement their security for their
unique security requirements.
 For example, GSM provides highly secured voice
communication among users.
 However, the existing security schemes for wireless
systems are inadequate for 4G networks. The key
concern in security designs for 4G networks is
flexibility.
 As the existing security schemes are mainly designed
for specific services, such as voice service, they may not
be applicable to 4G environments that will consist of
many heterogeneous systems.
Contd…….
 Moreover, the key sizes and encryption and decryption
algorithms of existing schemes are also fixed.
 They become inflexible when applied to different
technologies and devices (with varied capabilities,
processing powers, and security needs)
TELECOM COMPANIES
DEVELOPING 4G

 NTT DoCoMo(JAPAN)
 DIGIWEB(IRELAND)
 SPRINT(CHICAGO)
 VERIZON WIRELESS
 VODAPHONE GROUP
 AMERICAN WIRELESS PROVIDER CLEARWIRE
ETC
FUTURE OF 4G:5G(completed
WWWW world wide wireless web)

 The idea of WWWW, world wide wireless web has

started from 4G technologies. The following
evolution will be based on 4G and completed its idea
to form real wireless world. Thus 5G should make an
important difference and add more services and
benefit to the world over 4G;5G should be a more
intelligent technology that interconnects the world
without limits.
LIMITATIONS
 Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise,
there are still limitations that must be addressed. A major concern is
interoperability between the signaling techniques that are planned for
use in 4G.
 Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G
technology. The equipment required to implement the next-generation
network are still very expensive.
 A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to
make the network architectures compatible with each other. This was
one of the unmet goals of 3G.
 As regards the operating area, rural areas and many buildings in
metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless
networks.
CONCLUSION
 As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been
made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard.
 Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be
embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration.
 Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia
applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users.
 There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient
means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless
infrastructure.
CONCLUSION CONTINUED
 The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of
PCC (personal computing and communication)—a
vision that affordably provides high data rates
everywhere over a wireless network.
 4G ha been launched and the world is looking forward
for the most intelligent technology that would
interconnect the entire globe.
THANK YOU