PRINCIPLES of Homeostasis &

Interaction of the Environment

Minarma Siagian
Department of Physiology
FMUI
Tingkat
organisasi
kehidupan
 UNISEL MULTISEL

LINGKUNGAN LUAR

LINGKUNGAN
DALAM

LINGKUNGAN LUAR (unisel)  LINGKUNGAN DALAM (multisel)

Integrasi antar sistem tubuh
Koordinasi fungsi sistem tubuh
dalam organisme multisel

Sistem pengendali
(komunikasi antar sel)

Integrasi fungsi

HOMEOSTASIS
Pengertian tentang Homeostasis

Kemampuan tubuh untuk

mempertahankan stabilitas
lingkungan dalam  melalui
sistem kendali yang kompleks 
organisme berfungsi dan hidup di
lingkungan yang sangat bervariasi
Maintaining Life:
necessary life functions
 maintaining boundaries
 movement
 responsiveness
 digestion
 metabolism
 excretion
 reproduction
 growth
The human body:
a self-controlling unit
 core temperature
 heart rate
 blood pressure
 blood glucose levels
 length and tension of skeletal muscles
in posture and movement
 etc.
Biological control systems

regulate body functions through:

 intracellular control systems
molecules, ions: ATP, Ca++
 intercellular control systemschemical
messengers:
neurotransmitters (nervous system),
hormones (endocrine system), etc
Principles of control systems

n variables regulated within a pre-

determined range
n outside influences that force departure
from range will be corrected
Control systems:
Basic characteristics

 variable: the factor being regulated

 receptor: a sensor that monitors
 afferent pathway
 control center - set point
 efferent pathway
 effector
Homeostatic control
mechanisms

Through communication:
 nervous systems

 endocrine systems

 Immune system
Jaras pengendali

Mempertahankan homeostasis
 Lokal (Intrinsik)
antar sel yang berdekatan  parakrin
atau autokrin

 Jarak Jauh (Ekstrinsik)  refleks

perubahan sistemik  sistem saraf
atau endokrin; sitokin
Jaras pengendali jarak jauh
Control theory: FEEDBACK

 Negative Feedback
 Positive Feedback
COMMUNICATION:
cell-to-cell signaling
Coordination of different function in multicellular
animals

Control system

Regulate body’s activities

HOMEOSTASIS
 Reflex ARC

CENTRAL
afferent efferent

RECEPTOR EFFECTOR

feedback
INITIATION of
action potential

POSITIVE
feedback

HODGKIN’s cycle
 CONTROL circuit
Reference signal

Set point
Controller

Control signal Feedback signal

Controlled
system Controlled variable

Perturbation
Penutup

 Homeostasis merupakan upaya

mempertahankan kestabilan lingkungan
dalam
 Homeostasis dimungkinkan oleh kendali
lokal dan jarak jauh
 Homeostasis memungkinkan organisme
multisel hidup di lingkungan bervariasi